4933402P03Rik Activators
Chemical activators of SPEM family member 2 employ various biochemical pathways to facilitate its activation through phosphorylation. Forskolin serves as a direct activator of adenylyl cyclase, which catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP). The rise in cAMP levels, in turn, activates protein kinase A (PKA), a kinase capable of phosphorylating SPEM family member 2. Similarly, IBMX, by inhibiting phosphodiesterases, sustains cAMP levels in the cell, and dbcAMP, a cAMP analog, directly activates cAMP-dependent pathways, which include PKA that targets SPEM family member 2 for phosphorylation. Zaprinast and Rolipram also raise intracellular cAMP levels by specifically inhibiting phosphodiesterases 5 and 4, respectively, thereby creating an environment conducive to the activation of PKA and subsequent phosphorylation of SPEM family member 2.
Conversely, PMA activates protein kinase C (PKC), which has a broad spectrum of substrates including SPEM family member 2. The activation of PKC leads to its translocation to the cell membrane and the phosphorylation of target proteins. Ionomycin and A23187 function as calcium ionophores, increasing intracellular calcium concentrations. Elevated calcium can activate various calcium-dependent kinases, such as calmodulin-dependent kinase, which are known to phosphorylate a wide range of proteins, including SPEM family member 2. Additionally, anisomycin, through its role as a protein synthesis inhibitor, can activate stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs), which are capable of phosphorylating SPEM family member 2. Finally, okadaic acid, cantharidin, and calyculin A inhibit protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, which normally dephosphorylate proteins, thereby maintaining a higher level of phosphorylation within the cell. This inhibition indirectly promotes the phosphorylation state of SPEM family member 2, leading to its activation.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $41.00 $132.00 $214.00 $500.00 $948.00 | 119 | |
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) activates protein kinase C (PKC), which can phosphorylate and thereby activate SPEM family member 2 as part of signal transduction processes. | ||||||
Ionomycin | 56092-82-1 | sc-3592 sc-3592A | 1 mg 5 mg | $78.00 $270.00 | 80 | |
Ionomycin is a calcium ionophore which increases intracellular calcium concentrations. Elevated calcium can activate calmodulin-dependent kinase, which may phosphorylate and activate SPEM family member 2. | ||||||
A23187 | 52665-69-7 | sc-3591 sc-3591B sc-3591A sc-3591C | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg | $55.00 $131.00 $203.00 $317.00 | 23 | |
A23187 is another calcium ionophore that raises intracellular calcium levels, potentially activating calcium-dependent pathways that lead to the phosphorylation and activation of SPEM family member 2. | ||||||
IBMX | 28822-58-4 | sc-201188 sc-201188B sc-201188A | 200 mg 500 mg 1 g | $260.00 $350.00 $500.00 | 34 | |
Isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) is a non-specific inhibitor of phosphodiesterases, which prevents the breakdown of cAMP, leading to activation of cAMP-dependent pathways including PKA that could activate SPEM family member 2. | ||||||
Dibutyryl-cAMP | 16980-89-5 | sc-201567 sc-201567A sc-201567B sc-201567C | 20 mg 100 mg 500 mg 10 g | $47.00 $136.00 $492.00 $4552.00 | 74 | |
Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) is a cell-permeable cAMP analog that activates cAMP-dependent pathways, such as PKA, which in turn can phosphorylate and activate SPEM family member 2. | ||||||
Zaprinast (M&B 22948) | 37762-06-4 | sc-201206 sc-201206A | 25 mg 100 mg | $105.00 $250.00 | 8 | |
Zaprinast inhibits phosphodiesterase 5, leading to an increase in cAMP levels, which may activate PKA and result in the phosphorylation and activation of SPEM family member 2. | ||||||
Rolipram | 61413-54-5 | sc-3563 sc-3563A | 5 mg 50 mg | $77.00 $216.00 | 18 | |
Rolipram inhibits phosphodiesterase 4, increasing cAMP concentrations, potentially activating PKA, which can then phosphorylate and activate SPEM family member 2. | ||||||
Anisomycin | 22862-76-6 | sc-3524 sc-3524A | 5 mg 50 mg | $99.00 $259.00 | 36 | |
Anisomycin is a protein synthesis inhibitor that can activate stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs), which might lead to the phosphorylation and activation of SPEM family member 2 through stress response signaling. | ||||||
Okadaic Acid | 78111-17-8 | sc-3513 sc-3513A sc-3513B | 25 µg 100 µg 1 mg | $291.00 $530.00 $1800.00 | 78 | |
Okadaic acid is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, leading to increased phosphorylation levels within the cell, which could result in the activation of SPEM family member 2. | ||||||
Cantharidin | 56-25-7 | sc-201321 sc-201321A | 25 mg 100 mg | $89.00 $279.00 | 6 | |
Cantharidin inhibits protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, similarly leading to hyperphosphorylation within the cell, which could phosphorylate and activate SPEM family member 2. | ||||||