TMEM32 Activators
Chemical activators of TMEM32 can initiate a cascade of intracellular events that lead to its activation through various signaling pathways. Forskolin directly stimulates adenylyl cyclase, which escalates the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP) within the cell. This rise in cAMP levels can activate protein kinase A (PKA), which, in turn, may phosphorylate TMEM32 if it is a suitable substrate for PKA. Similarly, IBMX and Dibutyryl-cAMP also elevate intracellular cAMP levels, IBMX by inhibiting the degradation of cAMP and Dibutyryl-cAMP by functioning as a cAMP analog that can permeate cell membranes to act directly on PKA. The persistent activation of PKA by these chemicals can continuously promote the phosphorylation state of TMEM32.
Additionally, other chemicals influence the phosphorylation status of TMEM32 through different mechanisms. PMA and TPA, which are essentially the same compound, activate protein kinase C (PKC), which may phosphorylate TMEM32 if it is within the PKC substrate profile. Both Okadaic acid and Calyculin A maintain TMEM32 in a phosphorylated state by inhibiting protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A, which are enzymes responsible for dephosphorylating proteins. The inhibition of these phosphatases prevents the deactivation of TMEM32, keeping it in an active state. Ionomycin and A23187, both calcium ionophores, increase intracellular calcium levels, which can activate calcium-dependent kinases that may target TMEM32. Thapsigargin interferes with calcium sequestration by inhibiting SERCA, thereby raising cytosolic calcium levels that could similarly activate calcium-responsive pathways involving TMEM32. Lastly, Anisomycin activates stress-activated protein kinases such as JNK, which could lead to the activation of TMEM32 through phosphorylation if it falls within the scope of JNK targets.
SEE ALSO...
| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IBMX | 28822-58-4 | sc-201188 sc-201188B sc-201188A | 200 mg 500 mg 1 g | $260.00 $350.00 $500.00 | 34 | |
IBMX acts as a nonspecific inhibitor of phosphodiesterases, which degrade cAMP. By preventing cAMP degradation, IBMX can help sustain PKA activation, which may phosphorylate and activate TMEM32. | ||||||
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $41.00 $132.00 $214.00 $500.00 $948.00 | 119 | |
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) activates protein kinase C (PKC). If TMEM32 is a substrate for PKC, PMA-induced activation of PKC can lead to phosphorylation and activation of TMEM32. | ||||||
Okadaic Acid | 78111-17-8 | sc-3513 sc-3513A sc-3513B | 25 µg 100 µg 1 mg | $291.00 $530.00 $1800.00 | 78 | |
Okadaic acid is an inhibitor of protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A. By inhibiting dephosphorylation, it may indirectly maintain TMEM32 in a phosphorylated and active state if TMEM32 is regulated by phosphorylation. | ||||||
Anisomycin | 22862-76-6 | sc-3524 sc-3524A | 5 mg 50 mg | $99.00 $259.00 | 36 | |
Anisomycin is a potent activator of stress-activated protein kinases such as JNK. If TMEM32 is within the pathway of JNK, anisomycin can lead to its activation through phosphorylation by JNK. | ||||||
Calyculin A | 101932-71-2 | sc-24000 sc-24000A | 10 µg 100 µg | $163.00 $800.00 | 59 | |
Calyculin A, like okadaic acid, inhibits protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A, potentially keeping TMEM32 in an active state by preventing its dephosphorylation. | ||||||
Ionomycin | 56092-82-1 | sc-3592 sc-3592A | 1 mg 5 mg | $78.00 $270.00 | 80 | |
Ionomycin is a calcium ionophore that raises intracellular calcium levels. If TMEM32 is activated by calcium-dependent kinases such as calmodulin-dependent kinase, ionomycin can activate TMEM32 through this pathway. | ||||||
Thapsigargin | 67526-95-8 | sc-24017 sc-24017A | 1 mg 5 mg | $136.00 $446.00 | 114 | |
Thapsigargin inhibits the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA), leading to an increase in cytosolic calcium levels, which could activate TMEM32 if it is sensitive to calcium signaling. | ||||||
BAPTA/AM | 126150-97-8 | sc-202488 sc-202488A | 25 mg 100 mg | $138.00 $458.00 | 61 | |
BAPTA-AM is a cell-permeable calcium chelator that, once inside the cell, gets hydrolyzed and traps calcium, which can indirectly lead to the activation of calcium-regulated proteins, potentially including TMEM32. | ||||||
A23187 | 52665-69-7 | sc-3591 sc-3591B sc-3591A sc-3591C | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg | $55.00 $131.00 $203.00 $317.00 | 23 | |
A23187 is a calcium ionophore that increases intracellular calcium levels, potentially activating TMEM32 if it is regulated by calcium-dependent pathways. | ||||||
Dibutyryl-cAMP | 16980-89-5 | sc-201567 sc-201567A sc-201567B sc-201567C | 20 mg 100 mg 500 mg 10 g | $47.00 $136.00 $492.00 $4552.00 | 74 | |
Dibutyryl-cAMP is a cell-permeable cAMP analog which can activate PKA. If TMEM32 is a substrate of PKA, this chemical can lead to phosphorylation and activation of TMEM32. | ||||||