TMEM132B Activators
Chemical activators of TMEM132B harness various cellular signaling pathways to modulate its function. Forskolin, by elevating intracellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP), triggers the activation of protein kinase A (PKA). PKA then targets specific proteins for phosphorylation, a modification that can lead to functional activation of proteins such as TMEM132B. Similarly, dibutyryl cyclic AMP (db-cAMP), a stable cAMP analog, also activates PKA, fostering an environment conducive to the phosphorylation of TMEM132B. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) operates through a different mechanism, activating protein kinase C (PKC), which is known to phosphorylate a wide range of cellular targets, potentially including TMEM132B, thereby modulating its activity. Ionomycin, through its role as a calcium ionophore, increases intracellular calcium concentration, which can activate calmodulin-dependent kinases capable of phosphorylating TMEM132B within calcium signaling pathways.
Further facilitating the activation of TMEM132B, S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) releases nitric oxide, which in turn activates guanylate cyclase, culminating in increased levels of cyclic GMP (cGMP). Subsequent activation of protein kinase G (PKG) can lead to the phosphorylation of proteins like TMEM132B. Hydrogen peroxide acts as a signaling molecule, potentially activating mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), which can also lead to TMEM132B phosphorylation. Additionally, the presence of zinc sulfate can stabilize the structural domains of proteins or promote interaction with other proteins or ligands, which can activate TMEM132B. Sodium orthovanadate, by inhibiting phosphatases, prevents the dephosphorylation of proteins, which could sustain the phosphorylated state of TMEM132B. AICAR, through the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and Okadaic acid, by inhibiting protein phosphatases like PP1 and PP2A, can both contribute to the phosphorylation and consequent activation of TMEM132B. Lastly, anisomycin, by activating stress-activated protein kinases such as JNK, can facilitate the phosphorylation of TMEM132B in response to cellular stress, while calcium chloride, by increasing intracellular calcium levels, can activate calcium-dependent kinases that may target TMEM132B.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $76.00 $150.00 $725.00 $1385.00 $2050.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin activates adenylate cyclase, increasing the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP), which in turn activates PKA. PKA phosphorylates various proteins within the cell, which could include TMEM132B, leading to its functional activation. | ||||||
Ionomycin | 56092-82-1 | sc-3592 sc-3592A | 1 mg 5 mg | $76.00 $265.00 | 80 | |
Ionomycin acts as a calcium ionophore, increasing intracellular calcium levels. Elevated calcium can activate calmodulin-dependent kinases, which may phosphorylate and activate TMEM132B as part of calcium signaling pathways. | ||||||
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $40.00 $129.00 $210.00 $490.00 $929.00 | 119 | |
PMA activates protein kinase C (PKC) which could phosphorylate TMEM132B, leading to its functional activation as part of the PKC signaling pathway. | ||||||
(±)-S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine | 79032-48-7 | sc-200319B sc-200319 sc-200319A | 10 mg 20 mg 100 mg | $73.00 $112.00 $367.00 | 18 | |
SNAP releases nitric oxide which activates guanylate cyclase, increasing cGMP levels. This may activate protein kinase G (PKG), which can phosphorylate and activate TMEM132B if it is a substrate for PKG. | ||||||
Hydrogen Peroxide | 7722-84-1 | sc-203336 sc-203336A sc-203336B | 100 ml 500 ml 3.8 L | $30.00 $60.00 $93.00 | 27 | |
Hydrogen peroxide serves as a signaling molecule that can activate various kinases, including MAPK, which may lead to the phosphorylation and functional activation of TMEM132B as part of redox signaling pathways. | ||||||
Zinc | 7440-66-6 | sc-213177 | 100 g | $47.00 | ||
Zinc serves as an essential cofactor for many proteins and enzymes. It can stabilize protein domains necessary for TMEM132B activation or facilitate the binding of TMEM132B to other proteins or ligands, leading to its functional activation. | ||||||
Sodium Orthovanadate | 13721-39-6 | sc-3540 sc-3540B sc-3540A | 5 g 10 g 50 g | $45.00 $56.00 $183.00 | 142 | |
Sodium orthovanadate is a phosphatase inhibitor that can lead to the accumulation of phosphorylated proteins. This may result in the sustained activation of TMEM132B through prevention of its dephosphorylation. | ||||||
AICAR | 2627-69-2 | sc-200659 sc-200659A sc-200659B | 50 mg 250 mg 1 g | $60.00 $270.00 $350.00 | 48 | |
AICAR activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK can phosphorylate various substrates, potentially including TMEM132B, leading to its functional activation as part of the cellular energy regulation pathway. | ||||||
Okadaic Acid | 78111-17-8 | sc-3513 sc-3513A sc-3513B | 25 µg 100 µg 1 mg | $285.00 $520.00 $1300.00 | 78 | |
Okadaic acid is an inhibitor of protein phosphatases such as PP1 and PP2A. Inhibition of these phosphatases could lead to increased phosphorylation and subsequent activation of TMEM132B. | ||||||
Anisomycin | 22862-76-6 | sc-3524 sc-3524A | 5 mg 50 mg | $97.00 $254.00 | 36 | |
Anisomycin activates stress-activated protein kinases, such as JNK. Activation of these kinases may lead to phosphorylation and activation of TMEM132B as part of the cellular stress response. | ||||||