Synaptotagmin I/II Activators
Synaptotagmin I activators refer to a class of chemicals that modulate the function of Synaptotagmin I, a protein integral to the process of synaptic transmission. Synaptotagmin I acts as a calcium sensor and is critical for the regulation of neurotransmitter release at the synaptic cleft. It plays a pivotal role in the timing of vesicle fusion and release of neurotransmitters in response to an influx of calcium ions. Activators of Synaptotagmin I aim to enhance its physiological function, potentially influencing the efficacy and dynamics of synaptic transmission.
Direct activators of Synaptotagmin I may bind to the protein and increase its sensitivity to calcium, or they might facilitate its interaction with other proteins and lipids involved in vesicle fusion. The activation could occur through allosteric modulation, where the binding of an activator induces a conformational change in Synaptotagmin I, thereby promoting its ability to bind calcium more effectively or to interact with SNARE proteins and phospholipids in the vesicle and plasma membranes, which are essential for neurotransmitter release. Indirect activators, in contrast, might enhance the expression levels of Synaptotagmin I, thereby increasing the amount of the protein available for interaction with calcium and the vesicle fusion machinery. These could also include molecules that modify the lipid composition of the synaptic vesicles or the plasma membrane, thereby affecting the local environment in which Synaptotagmin I operates. Another route for indirect activation could involve modulating the signaling pathways that regulate the phosphorylation state of Synaptotagmin I, subsequently altering its activity.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $40.00 $129.00 $210.00 $490.00 $929.00 | 119 | |
PMA is a potent activator of protein kinase C (PKC), which is known to phosphorylate Synaptotagmin I. This phosphorylation enhances Synaptotagmin I's ability to bind calcium and promote vesicle fusion. | ||||||
1,2-Dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol | 60514-48-9 | sc-202397 sc-202397A | 10 mg 50 mg | $46.00 $249.00 | 2 | |
DAG is a second messenger that activates PKC. Upon activation, PKC phosphorylates Synaptotagmin I, enhancing its calcium-binding capability and vesicle fusion function. | ||||||
1-Oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG) | 86390-77-4 | sc-200417 sc-200417A | 10 mg 50 mg | $117.00 $444.00 | 1 | |
OAG is a synthetic analog of DAG and thus can activate PKC. The activated PKC phosphorylates Synaptotagmin I and enhances its function in calcium-dependent exocytosis. | ||||||
A23187 | 52665-69-7 | sc-3591 sc-3591B sc-3591A sc-3591C | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg | $54.00 $128.00 $199.00 $311.00 | 23 | |
A23187 is a mobile ion carrier that can increase intracellular calcium levels. This elevation in calcium can directly bind to Synaptotagmin I, enhancing its function in vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release. | ||||||
Ionomycin, free acid | 56092-81-0 | sc-263405 sc-263405A | 1 mg 5 mg | $94.00 $259.00 | 2 | |
Ionomycin is a calcium ionophore, which can increase intracellular calcium levels. Elevated calcium directly binds to Synaptotagmin I, enhancing its role in vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release. | ||||||
BAPTA/AM | 126150-97-8 | sc-202488 sc-202488A | 25 mg 100 mg | $138.00 $449.00 | 61 | |
BAPTA-AM is a calcium chelator. It increases free calcium concentration by sequestering intracellular calcium. The elevated calcium can bind to Synaptotagmin I, thus enhancing its function in vesicle fusion. | ||||||
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $76.00 $150.00 $725.00 $1385.00 $2050.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin activates adenylate cyclase, leading to an increase in cAMP. The increased cAMP can activate PKA, which indirectly activates PKC. Activated PKC phosphorylates Synaptotagmin I, enhancing its function. | ||||||
Thapsigargin | 67526-95-8 | sc-24017 sc-24017A | 1 mg 5 mg | $94.00 $349.00 | 114 | |
Thapsigargin raises intracellular calcium levels by inhibiting the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA). The elevated calcium can bind to Synaptotagmin I, enhancing its function in vesicle fusion. | ||||||
Bryostatin 1 | 83314-01-6 | sc-201407 | 10 µg | $240.00 | 9 | |
Bryostatin 1 is a potent activator of PKC. Activated PKC phosphorylates Synaptotagmin I, enhancing its calcium-binding ability and promoting vesicle fusion. | ||||||
Staurosporine | 62996-74-1 | sc-3510 sc-3510A sc-3510B | 100 µg 1 mg 5 mg | $82.00 $150.00 $388.00 | 113 | |
Staurosporine can activate PKC at nanomolar concentrations. The activated PKC phosphorylates Synaptotagmin I, enhancing its function in calcium-dependent exocytosis. | ||||||