OR13C2 Activators

Forskolin directly targets adenylyl cyclase, catalyzing the synthesis of cAMP, a pivotal secondary messenger that activates protein kinase A. This activation can lead to a cascade of phosphorylation events, modifying the function and interaction of proteins within GPCR pathways. Ionomycin elevates intracellular calcium, a key mediator that can influence multiple signaling pathways, including those related to GPCRs. PMA is a potent activator of protein kinase C, an enzyme that phosphorylates serine and threonine residues on target proteins, potentially altering GPCR dynamics and function. Similarly, IBMX acts to raise intracellular cAMP levels by inhibiting phosphodiesterase enzymes, which degrade cAMP, thus indirectly promoting GPCR signal propagation. Sildenafil, by selectively inhibiting phosphodiesterase type 5, protracts the signaling mediated by cAMP and cGMP, secondary messengers that are intricately linked to GPCR pathways.

A23187 (Calcimycin) introduces calcium ions into the cellular milieu, providing a stimulus that can modulate GPCR signaling through the activation of calcium-sensitive proteins. LY294002 serves as an inhibitor of PI3K, an element of some GPCR pathways, potentially altering the phosphorylation status of proteins downstream. U0126 operates by inhibiting MEK, which may lead to changes in MAPK signaling pathways that intersect with GPCR-mediated events. The cAMP analog dibutyryl cAMP (db-cAMP) can mimic endogenous cAMP and activate PKA, which in turn may influence GPCR signaling through the phosphorylation of proteins involved in these pathways. Staurosporine broadly inhibits kinases, affecting multiple signaling pathways, including those associated with GPCRs. Resveratrol, by activating sirtuins, and capsaicin, through its effect on TRPV1, can indirectly modulate GPCR activity, further illustrating the complex interplay of signaling molecules within the cellular context.