connexin 31.9 Activators
Connexin 31.9, a putative member of the connexin family, represents a group of proteins integral to the formation of gap junctions which are essential for cell-to-cell communication. These transmembrane proteins are pivotal in maintaining homeostasis and facilitating the passage of ions and small signaling molecules between neighboring cells. Gap junctions, assembled from connexin subunits, are found in virtually all human tissues and play crucial roles in various physiological processes. The expression of connexin proteins is tightly regulated at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, ensuring proper cellular function and response to physiological demands.
On the molecular level, the expression of connexin proteins such as Connexin 31.9 can be influenced by an array of non-peptidic chemical activators. These activators can initiate a cascade of intracellular events that culminate in the upregulation of connexin gene expression. For instance, compounds like retinoic acid and vitamin D3 interact with their respective nuclear receptors to bind DNA at specific sites, promoting transcription of target genes. Other molecules, such as forskolin, increase intracellular second messengers like cAMP, subsequently activating protein kinases that phosphorylate transcription factors, thereby enhancing gene expression. Meanwhile, epigenetic modifiers like 5-Azacytidine and Trichostatin A alter the epigenetic landscape, reducing methylation and increasing acetylation levels of histones associated with connexin genes, respectively, which can lead to a more transcriptionally active chromatin state. Additionally, polyphenolic compounds such as resveratrol and curcumin, known for their signaling modulating properties, can stimulate specific transcription factors that increase connexin gene transcription. These chemical activators exemplify the diverse strategies by which the expression of connexin proteins can be elevated, providing a broader understanding of the regulatory mechanisms that govern cell communication networks.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Retinoic Acid, all trans | 302-79-4 | sc-200898 sc-200898A sc-200898B sc-200898C | 500 mg 5 g 10 g 100 g | $65.00 $319.00 $575.00 $998.00 | 28 | |
Retinoic acid can initiate transcription by binding to retinoic acid receptors, which may lead to increased transcription of specific genes, including those encoding connexins. | ||||||
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $76.00 $150.00 $725.00 $1385.00 $2050.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin raises intracellular cAMP levels, which can activate protein kinase A (PKA) and subsequent phosphorylation of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), potentially stimulating the transcription of connexin genes. | ||||||
5-Azacytidine | 320-67-2 | sc-221003 | 500 mg | $280.00 | 4 | |
As an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase, 5-Azacytidine can lead to demethylation of gene promoter regions, potentially resulting in the elevated transcription of connexin genes. | ||||||
Trichostatin A | 58880-19-6 | sc-3511 sc-3511A sc-3511B sc-3511C sc-3511D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 50 mg | $149.00 $470.00 $620.00 $1199.00 $2090.00 | 33 | |
By inhibiting histone deacetylase, Trichostatin A can cause an open chromatin structure, making it more accessible for transcription factors, thereby promoting increased transcription of genes including connexins. | ||||||
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $40.00 $129.00 $210.00 $490.00 $929.00 | 119 | |
PMA is known to activate protein kinase C (PKC), which can then phosphorylate transcription factors or other proteins involved in signaling cascades that lead to the upregulation of specific genes, including potentially connexin genes. | ||||||
Dibutyryl-cAMP | 16980-89-5 | sc-201567 sc-201567A sc-201567B sc-201567C | 20 mg 100 mg 500 mg 10 g | $45.00 $130.00 $480.00 $4450.00 | 74 | |
This synthetic analog of cAMP can bypass cellular reception mechanisms to directly stimulate protein kinase A (PKA). PKA can then phosphorylate transcription factors like CREB, which may lead to an increase in connexin gene expression. | ||||||
Cholecalciferol | 67-97-0 | sc-205630 sc-205630A sc-205630B | 1 g 5 g 10 g | $70.00 $160.00 $290.00 | 2 | |
The active form of Cholecalciferol interacts with its receptor, which can then bind to vitamin D response elements (VDREs) in the promoter regions of target genes, potentially leading to the upregulation of connexin genes. | ||||||
(−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate | 989-51-5 | sc-200802 sc-200802A sc-200802B sc-200802C sc-200802D sc-200802E | 10 mg 50 mg 100 mg 500 mg 1 g 10 g | $42.00 $72.00 $124.00 $238.00 $520.00 $1234.00 | 11 | |
Epigallocatechin Gallate may upregulate gene expression through its interaction with various signaling pathways, including the activation of antioxidant response elements that could lead to the transcription of protective genes, such as those for connexins. | ||||||
D,L-Sulforaphane | 4478-93-7 | sc-207495A sc-207495B sc-207495C sc-207495 sc-207495E sc-207495D | 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 1 g 10 g 250 mg | $150.00 $286.00 $479.00 $1299.00 $8299.00 $915.00 | 22 | |
DL-Sulforaphane can activate the transcription factor Nrf2, which may lead to the transcriptional activation of a wide array of genes, including those for cellular defense mechanisms. This activation could extend to genes encoding connexins. | ||||||
Resveratrol | 501-36-0 | sc-200808 sc-200808A sc-200808B | 100 mg 500 mg 5 g | $60.00 $185.00 $365.00 | 64 | |
Resveratrol can stimulate the activity of sirtuin proteins, which are deacetylases that can lead to the upregulation of certain genes through epigenetic modification, possibly including connexin genes through alterations in chromatin accessibility. | ||||||