β-defensin 21 Activators
β-Defensin 21, a pivotal component of the innate immune system, plays a crucial role in defending against microbial threats. As an antimicrobial peptide, its primary function involves disrupting microbial membranes, exerting a direct and potent bactericidal effect. Beyond this immediate response, β-defensin 21 actively participates in immune modulation by engaging in intricate interactions with various cellular processes. The activation of β-defensin 21 entails a sophisticated orchestration of cellular pathways and biochemical mechanisms. Multiple chemicals, including EGCG, TSA, quercetin, sulforaphane, curcumin, sodium butyrate, genistein, resveratrol, 5-azacytidine, alpha-lipoic acid, luteolin, and diallyl disulfide, have been identified as activators. Operating through diverse pathways such as NF-κB, histone deacetylation, AP-1, Nrf2/ARE, and DNA methylation, these compounds influence chromatin remodeling, transcription factor activity, and epigenetic modifications. By directly or indirectly affecting these pathways, these chemicals enhance the transcriptional activity of the DEFB21 gene, leading to increased β-defensin 21 expression.
The activation of β-defensin 21 not only reinforces immediate defense against microbial invaders but also underscores the intricate connections between the innate immune system and various cellular signaling cascades. Understanding the specific pathways involved in β-defensin 21 activation provides insights into potential strategies for enhancing the innate immune response, with implications for host defense and immune modulation.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate | 989-51-5 | sc-200802 sc-200802A sc-200802B sc-200802C sc-200802D sc-200802E | 10 mg 50 mg 100 mg 500 mg 1 g 10 g | $42.00 $72.00 $124.00 $238.00 $520.00 $1234.00 | 11 | |
EGCG activates β-defensin 21 by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. It suppresses IκB kinase activity, preventing IκB degradation and subsequent NF-κB nuclear translocation. This down-regulation of NF-κB alleviates its suppression on DEFB21 transcription, leading to enhanced β-defensin 21 expression with implications for antimicrobial defense. | ||||||
Trichostatin A | 58880-19-6 | sc-3511 sc-3511A sc-3511B sc-3511C sc-3511D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 50 mg | $149.00 $470.00 $620.00 $1199.00 $2090.00 | 33 | |
TSA, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, directly activates β-defensin 21. By inhibiting histone deacetylation, it promotes an open chromatin structure in the DEFB21 promoter region, facilitating increased transcription. This epigenetic modulation results in elevated β-defensin 21 expression, contributing to innate immunity against microbial threats. | ||||||
Quercetin | 117-39-5 | sc-206089 sc-206089A sc-206089E sc-206089C sc-206089D sc-206089B | 100 mg 500 mg 100 g 250 g 1 kg 25 g | $11.00 $17.00 $108.00 $245.00 $918.00 $49.00 | 33 | |
Quercetin activates β-defensin 21 indirectly by modulating the AP-1 pathway. It inhibits c-Fos and c-Jun activation, suppressing AP-1 transcriptional activity. As a consequence, the negative regulation on DEFB21 expression is alleviated, leading to increased β-defensin 21 synthesis with antimicrobial implications. | ||||||
D,L-Sulforaphane | 4478-93-7 | sc-207495A sc-207495B sc-207495C sc-207495 sc-207495E sc-207495D | 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 1 g 10 g 250 mg | $150.00 $286.00 $479.00 $1299.00 $8299.00 $915.00 | 22 | |
Sulforaphane activates β-defensin 21 through the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway. By promoting Nrf2 release from Keap1 inhibition, it facilitates Nrf2 translocation and binding to the DEFB21 promoter's ARE element. This up-regulation reinforces the antimicrobial function of β-defensin 21. | ||||||
Curcumin | 458-37-7 | sc-200509 sc-200509A sc-200509B sc-200509C sc-200509D sc-200509F sc-200509E | 1 g 5 g 25 g 100 g 250 g 1 kg 2.5 kg | $36.00 $68.00 $107.00 $214.00 $234.00 $862.00 $1968.00 | 47 | |
Curcumin activates β-defensin 21 by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. It impedes IκB kinase activity, preventing IκB degradation and subsequent NF-κB nuclear translocation. This down-regulation of NF-κB alleviates its suppression on DEFB21 transcription, leading to enhanced β-defensin 21 expression with implications for antimicrobial defense. | ||||||
Sodium Butyrate | 156-54-7 | sc-202341 sc-202341B sc-202341A sc-202341C | 250 mg 5 g 25 g 500 g | $30.00 $46.00 $82.00 $218.00 | 19 | |
Sodium butyrate, similar to butyrate, serves as a histone deacetylase inhibitor, promoting DEFB21 transcription. By inhibiting histone deacetylation, it allows for an open chromatin conformation in the DEFB21 promoter region, facilitating increased expression of β-defensin 21 and enhancing the innate immune response. | ||||||
Genistein | 446-72-0 | sc-3515 sc-3515A sc-3515B sc-3515C sc-3515D sc-3515E sc-3515F | 100 mg 500 mg 1 g 5 g 10 g 25 g 100 g | $26.00 $92.00 $120.00 $310.00 $500.00 $908.00 $1821.00 | 46 | |
Genistein indirectly activates β-defensin 21 by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt pathway. It hinders Akt phosphorylation, relieving its inhibition on FoxO3a. This allows FoxO3a to bind to the DEFB21 promoter, promoting transcription. This indirect activation leads to increased β-defensin 21 expression, bolstering the innate immune response. | ||||||
Resveratrol | 501-36-0 | sc-200808 sc-200808A sc-200808B | 100 mg 500 mg 5 g | $60.00 $185.00 $365.00 | 64 | |
Resveratrol activates β-defensin 21 indirectly by modulating the Nrf2/ARE pathway. Acting as an antioxidant, it enhances Nrf2 translocation, promoting its binding to the ARE element in the DEFB21 promoter. This up-regulation of β-defensin 21 contributes to antimicrobial defense. | ||||||
5-Azacytidine | 320-67-2 | sc-221003 | 500 mg | $280.00 | 4 | |
5-Azacytidine, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, directly activates β-defensin 21. By demethylating the DEFB21 promoter region, it alleviates epigenetic repression, allowing for enhanced transcription. This epigenetic modulation results in increased β-defensin 21 expression, contributing to innate immunity against microbial threats. | ||||||
α-Lipoic Acid | 1077-28-7 | sc-202032 sc-202032A sc-202032B sc-202032C sc-202032D | 5 g 10 g 250 g 500 g 1 kg | $68.00 $120.00 $208.00 $373.00 $702.00 | 3 | |
Alpha-lipoic acid activates β-defensin 21 through the Nrf2/ARE pathway. As an antioxidant, it promotes Nrf2 release from Keap1 inhibition, facilitating its translocation to the DEFB21 promoter's ARE element. This up-regulation strengthens the antimicrobial function of β-defensin 21. | ||||||