Synaptotagmin XVI Activators
Synaptotagmin XVI activators comprise a diverse spectrum of chemical compounds that enhance its pivotal role in neurotransmitter release. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and N6-Benzoyladenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (6-Bnz-cAMP) both activate protein kinase C and protein kinase A, respectively, which are known to phosphorylate and potentiate Synaptotagmin XVI's interaction with SNARE complexes, critical for synaptic vesicle fusion. Ionomycin, by elevating intracellular calcium, directly triggers Synaptotagmin XVI to facilitate the rapid release of neurotransmitters. Similarly, Bay K 8644 and Ryanodine enhance its activation via modulation of calcium dynamics, essential for Synaptotagmin XVI's function as a calcium sensor. Brefeldin A offers an indirect route, disrupting Golgi apparatus function, which may lead to an increased translocation of Synaptotagmin XVI to the plasma membrane, thus potentiating its role in vesicle docking and release.
Furthering Synaptotagmin XVI activation, compounds like Forskolin and 6-Bnz-cAMP elevate cAMP levels, indirectly enhancing PKA activity and subsequent phosphorylation of Synaptotagmin XVI, refining its synaptic functions. Anisomycin and SN-38 initiate cellular stress and DNA damage responses, which may inadvertently amplify Synaptotagmin XVI's synaptic repair roles, while Batrachotoxin increases neuronal excitability, indirectly necessitating greater Synaptotagmin XVI activity to support enhanced neurotransmission. Finally, Okadaic Acid, by inhibiting phosphatases, stabilizes the phosphorylation state of proteins, potentially increasing the functional readiness of Synaptotagmin XVI for action within synaptic vesicle exocytosis processes.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $40.00 $129.00 $210.00 $490.00 $929.00 | 119 | |
PMA acts as a potent activator of protein kinase C (PKC), which in turn can enhance the functional activity of Synaptotagmin XVI by facilitating the vesicle docking and release process, a key aspect of synaptic transmission where Synaptotagmin XVI is directly involved. | ||||||
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $76.00 $150.00 $725.00 $1385.00 $2050.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin activates adenylyl cyclase, increasing cAMP levels, which indirectly activates PKA. PKA phosphorylation can enhance Synaptotagmin XVI's role in synaptic vesicle exocytosis by modulating its binding to SNARE complexes and calcium ions. | ||||||
Ionomycin | 56092-82-1 | sc-3592 sc-3592A | 1 mg 5 mg | $76.00 $265.00 | 80 | |
As a calcium ionophore, Ionomycin increases intracellular calcium concentration, which is a direct activator of Synaptotagmin XVI, triggering its role in neurotransmitter release at synapses. | ||||||
Brefeldin A | 20350-15-6 | sc-200861C sc-200861 sc-200861A sc-200861B | 1 mg 5 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $30.00 $52.00 $122.00 $367.00 | 25 | |
Brefeldin A disrupts the Golgi apparatus structure, which can lead to the mobilization of Synaptotagmin XVI to the plasma membrane, indirectly enhancing its functional activity in neurotransmitter release. | ||||||
Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic Monophosphate, N6-Benzoyl-, Sodium Salt | 30275-80-0 | sc-300167 | 10 µmol | $318.00 | 1 | |
6-Bnz-cAMP is a cAMP analog that activates PKA. PKA can phosphorylate Synaptotagmin XVI, potentially enhancing its regulatory role in synaptic vesicle trafficking and exocytosis. | ||||||
SN 38 | 86639-52-3 | sc-203697 sc-203697A sc-203697B | 10 mg 50 mg 500 mg | $117.00 $335.00 $883.00 | 19 | |
SN-38 inhibits topoisomerase I, leading to DNA damage response activation. This can indirectly increase the demand for synaptic repair and plasticity processes in which Synaptotagmin XVI is involved, thus enhancing its activity. | ||||||
Anisomycin | 22862-76-6 | sc-3524 sc-3524A | 5 mg 50 mg | $97.00 $254.00 | 36 | |
Anisomycin is a protein synthesis inhibitor that can trigger stress response pathways, leading to the remodeling of synaptic proteins and potentially enhancing the activity of Synaptotagmin XVI during synaptic plasticity. | ||||||
(±)-Bay K 8644 | 71145-03-4 | sc-203324 sc-203324A sc-203324B | 1 mg 5 mg 50 mg | $82.00 $192.00 $801.00 | ||
Bay K 8644 is a calcium channel agonist that increases calcium influx, directly enhancing the activation of Synaptotagmin XVI in its role as a calcium sensor for neurotransmitter release. | ||||||
Ryanodine | 15662-33-6 | sc-201523 sc-201523A | 1 mg 5 mg | $219.00 $765.00 | 19 | |
Ryanodine modulates the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum, which can indirectly activate Synaptotagmin XVI by increasing cytosolic calcium levels critical for its action in vesicle fusion. | ||||||
Okadaic Acid | 78111-17-8 | sc-3513 sc-3513A sc-3513B | 25 µg 100 µg 1 mg | $285.00 $520.00 $1300.00 | 78 | |
Okadaic Acid is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, leading to increased phosphorylation levels of proteins. This can enhance the activity of Synaptotagmin XVI by affecting its phosphorylation state, thus modulating its role in synaptic vesicle exocytosis. | ||||||