Skint4 Activators
Chemical activators of Skint4 modulate its activity through various cellular mechanisms. Forskolin, by activating adenylate cyclase, increases the concentration of cAMP within the cell. Elevated cAMP levels engage protein kinase A (PKA), which can then phosphorylate Skint4, leading to its activation. Isoproterenol operates through a similar pathway, functioning as a beta-adrenergic agonist that binds to beta-adrenoceptors, resulting in increased cAMP production and subsequent activation of PKA, which then targets Skint4 for activation by phosphorylation. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) interacts with its specific G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to effect an increase in cAMP levels, again facilitating the activation of PKA and subsequent phosphorylation of Skint4. Moreover, IBMX prolongs the presence of cAMP by inhibiting phosphodiesterases, ensuring that PKA remains active and capable of phosphorylating Skint4.
In a different modality, anisomycin activates stress-activated protein kinases, such as JNK, which can phosphorylate and activate Skint4 independent of the cAMP-PKA axis. Vincristine disrupts microtubule function and also activates stress pathways, including JNK, which may contribute to Skint4 activation. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) directly activates protein kinase C (PKC), which phosphorylates a spectrum of proteins, including possibly Skint4. Ionomycin raises intracellular calcium levels, which can activate calcium-sensitive kinases that phosphorylate and activate Skint4. Calyculin A and Okadaic acid, both inhibitors of protein phosphatases, lead to an accumulation of phosphorylated proteins by preventing dephosphorylation, which can result in Skint4 being maintained in an active state. BAY 11-7082 acts by inhibiting the phosphorylation of IkB-alpha, which modulates NF-kB pathway activity and can indirectly affect the state of Skint4 activation. Lastly, SB 203580 specifically inhibits p38 MAP kinase, which may redirect cellular signaling in a manner that promotes the activation of Skint4. Each of these chemicals engages distinct cellular signaling pathways or targets specific enzymes, thereby modulating the phosphorylation state and activity of Skint4.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $76.00 $150.00 $725.00 $1385.00 $2050.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin activates adenylate cyclase, which increases the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP). Elevated cAMP levels enhance the activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), which can phosphorylate and thereby activate Skint4 as part of downstream signaling. | ||||||
Isoproterenol Hydrochloride | 51-30-9 | sc-202188 sc-202188A | 100 mg 500 mg | $27.00 $37.00 | 5 | |
Isoproterenol is a beta-adrenergic agonist that binds to beta-adrenoceptors, causing an increase in cAMP production via activation of adenylate cyclase. The rise in cAMP levels can subsequently activate PKA, leading to the phosphorylation and activation of Skint4. | ||||||
PGE2 | 363-24-6 | sc-201225 sc-201225C sc-201225A sc-201225B | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 50 mg | $56.00 $156.00 $270.00 $665.00 | 37 | |
PGE2 interacts with its G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which can lead to an increase in intracellular cAMP levels through adenylate cyclase activation. The cAMP acts as a second messenger to activate PKA, which may then activate Skint4 through phosphorylation. | ||||||
IBMX | 28822-58-4 | sc-201188 sc-201188B sc-201188A | 200 mg 500 mg 1 g | $159.00 $315.00 $598.00 | 34 | |
IBMX acts as a nonspecific inhibitor of phosphodiesterases, enzymes that degrade cAMP. By preventing cAMP degradation, IBMX indirectly maintains higher levels of cAMP, promoting PKA activation which in turn can lead to the activation of Skint4. | ||||||
Anisomycin | 22862-76-6 | sc-3524 sc-3524A | 5 mg 50 mg | $97.00 $254.00 | 36 | |
Anisomycin is a protein synthesis inhibitor, but it also activates stress-activated protein kinases like JNK. These kinases can be involved in signaling pathways leading to the activation of proteins such as Skint4 through phosphorylation events. | ||||||
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $40.00 $129.00 $210.00 $490.00 $929.00 | 119 | |
PMA is a potent activator of protein kinase C (PKC). Activated PKC can phosphorylate target proteins, potentially including Skint4, thus leading to its activation as part of a signaling cascade. | ||||||
Ionomycin | 56092-82-1 | sc-3592 sc-3592A | 1 mg 5 mg | $76.00 $265.00 | 80 | |
Ionomycin is a calcium ionophore that increases intracellular calcium concentrations. Elevated calcium can activate calcium-dependent proteins and pathways, potentially leading to the activation of Skint4 through protein kinases that are calcium-sensitive. | ||||||
Calyculin A | 101932-71-2 | sc-24000 sc-24000A | 10 µg 100 µg | $160.00 $750.00 | 59 | |
Calyculin A is an inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, leading to increased phosphorylation levels within the cell. This can result in the activation of proteins like Skint4 as a consequence of reduced dephosphorylation. | ||||||
Okadaic Acid | 78111-17-8 | sc-3513 sc-3513A sc-3513B | 25 µg 100 µg 1 mg | $285.00 $520.00 $1300.00 | 78 | |
Similar to Calyculin A, Okadaic acid is also an inhibitor of protein phosphatases. It maintains proteins in their phosphorylated state, which can lead to the activation of Skint4 through sustained phosphorylation. | ||||||
BAY 11-7082 | 19542-67-7 | sc-200615B sc-200615 sc-200615A | 5 mg 10 mg 50 mg | $61.00 $83.00 $349.00 | 155 | |
BAY 11-7082 inhibits NF-kB activation by blocking the phosphorylation of IkB-alpha. This can shift cellular responses towards alternative pathways that include the activation of proteins like Skint4. | ||||||