PTTG2 Activators
Chemical activators of PTTG2 engage in various cellular signaling pathways to modulate the activity of this protein. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) is a potent activator of protein kinase C (PKC), which can phosphorylate a broad array of proteins, including PTTG2, thus altering its function. Forskolin, by directly stimulating adenylyl cyclase, leads to an increase in cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels, which in turn activates protein kinase A (PKA). PKA can then target proteins such as PTTG2 for phosphorylation. Similarly, 1,2-Dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (DiC8), a synthetic analog of diacylglycerol (DAG), activates PKC, which may result in the phosphorylation and subsequent activation of PTTG2.
Further augmenting intracellular calcium levels is a common theme for several activators. Ionomycin, by increasing intracellular calcium concentrations, can activate calmodulin-dependent kinases (CaMKs) capable of phosphorylating proteins like PTTG2. Thapsigargin acts by inhibiting the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) pumps, consequently elevating cytosolic calcium levels, which may activate kinases that phosphorylate PTTG2. FPL 64176 and Bay K8644 both facilitate increased intracellular calcium through different mechanisms; FPL 64176 as a calcium channel activator and Bay K8644 by activating L-type calcium channels, potentially resulting in the activation of calcium-dependent kinases that phosphorylate PTTG2. Other chemical activators such as Anisomycin trigger stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs), which are involved in phosphorylation processes that can modify PTTG2 activity. Lastly, inhibitors of protein phosphatases like Okadaic Acid, Calyculin A, and Cantharidin prevent the dephosphorylation of cellular proteins, thereby maintaining PTTG2 in an active phosphorylated state. Endothelin-1, through its stimulation of phospholipase C, leads to the production of IP3 and DAG, which can subsequently activate PKC, potentially leading to PTTG2 phosphorylation and activation.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $40.00 $129.00 $210.00 $490.00 $929.00 | 119 | |
PMA activates protein kinase C (PKC), which is known to phosphorylate a variety of proteins, leading to their activation. PTTG2, being a protein, could be activated via PKC-mediated phosphorylation as part of signal transduction pathways. | ||||||
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $76.00 $150.00 $725.00 $1385.00 $2050.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin directly stimulates adenylyl cyclase, resulting in increased levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP), which in turn activates protein kinase A (PKA). PKA can phosphorylate various proteins, potentially including PTTG2, leading to its activation within cells. | ||||||
Ionomycin | 56092-82-1 | sc-3592 sc-3592A | 1 mg 5 mg | $76.00 $265.00 | 80 | |
Ionomycin increases intracellular calcium levels, which can activate calmodulin-dependent kinases (CaMKs). CaMKs are involved in phosphorylating various proteins, and these kinases could phosphorylate and activate PTTG2. | ||||||
Thapsigargin | 67526-95-8 | sc-24017 sc-24017A | 1 mg 5 mg | $94.00 $349.00 | 114 | |
Thapsigargin inhibits the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) pumps, leading to an increase in cytosolic calcium levels. The rise in calcium can activate various calcium-dependent proteins and enzymes, which may include kinases that could phosphorylate and activate PTTG2. | ||||||
FPL-64176 | 120934-96-5 | sc-201491 | 5 mg | $81.00 | 1 | |
FPL 64176 is a calcium channel activator that increases intracellular calcium levels. This elevation in calcium can trigger the activation of calcium-dependent kinases that may phosphorylate and lead to the activation of PTTG2. | ||||||
(±)-Bay K 8644 | 71145-03-4 | sc-203324 sc-203324A sc-203324B | 1 mg 5 mg 50 mg | $82.00 $192.00 $801.00 | ||
Bay K8644 activates L-type calcium channels, leading to increased calcium influx. The heightened intracellular calcium can activate calcium-dependent kinases, which could phosphorylate and activate PTTG2. | ||||||
1,2-Dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol | 60514-48-9 | sc-202397 sc-202397A | 10 mg 50 mg | $46.00 $249.00 | 2 | |
DiC8 acts as a synthetic analog of diacylglycerol (DAG), which activates protein kinase C (PKC). PKC can phosphorylate a range of proteins, potentially resulting in the activation of PTTG2 through phosphorylation. | ||||||
Anisomycin | 22862-76-6 | sc-3524 sc-3524A | 5 mg 50 mg | $97.00 $254.00 | 36 | |
Anisomycin is known to activate stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs), which could lead to the phosphorylation and activation of various proteins, potentially including PTTG2. | ||||||
Okadaic Acid | 78111-17-8 | sc-3513 sc-3513A sc-3513B | 25 µg 100 µg 1 mg | $285.00 $520.00 $1300.00 | 78 | |
Okadaic acid is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, which leads to an increase in phosphorylation levels of cellular proteins due to decreased dephosphorylation. This could result in the sustained activation of PTTG2 through phosphorylation. | ||||||
Calyculin A | 101932-71-2 | sc-24000 sc-24000A sc-24000B sc-24000C | 10 µg 100 µg 500 µg 1 mg | $160.00 $750.00 $1400.00 $3000.00 | 59 | |
Calyculin A, similar to okadaic acid, is an inhibitor of protein phosphatases, particularly PP1 and PP2A, causing an increase in phosphorylation of cellular proteins. This may lead to the activation of PTTG2 by preventing its dephosphorylation. | ||||||