PRAMEF21 Activators
Chemical activators of PRAMEF21 utilize various cellular pathways to modulate its activity. Forskolin, a direct activator of adenylyl cyclase, increases the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP), which in turn activates protein kinase A (PKA). PKA is known to phosphorylate various target proteins, leading to changes in their activity. The phosphorylation cascade initiated by PKA can therefore activate PRAMEF21. Similarly, Isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agonist, also raises intracellular cAMP levels, further promoting PKA-mediated activation of PRAMEF21. Additionally, Dibutyryl-cAMP (db-cAMP), a synthetic and cell-permeable cAMP analog, directly activates PKA, bypassing the cell's surface receptors and ensuring a more sustained activation of PRAMEF21 through phosphorylation pathways.
Another approach to activate PRAMEF21 involves the manipulation of intracellular calcium levels. Compounds like Ionomycin and A23187 (Calcimycin) are ionophores that increase intracellular calcium concentrations, thereby activating calcium-dependent protein kinases such as calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMK). These kinases can phosphorylate PRAMEF21 or alter its activity by affecting signaling cascades in which PRAMEF21 is involved. Thapsigargin, by inhibiting the SERCA pump, also raises cytosolic calcium levels, which can lead to similar activation of calcium-dependent kinases and subsequent activation of PRAMEF21. FPL 64176 and Bay K8644, which are calcium channel activators and agonists, respectively, enhance calcium influx and activate calcium-dependent signaling pathways that may converge on PRAMEF21 activation. Protein kinase C (PKC) activators such as PMA and the synthetic DAG analog 1,2-Dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (DiC8) also play a role in the activation of PRAMEF21. PKC is involved in various cellular functions and can regulate the function of many proteins through phosphorylation. By activating PKC, these compounds can alter the phosphorylation state of PRAMEF21 or related proteins, leading to its activation. Similarly, IBMX, by inhibiting phosphodiesterases and thus preventing the breakdown of cAMP and cGMP, results in the accumulation of these secondary messengers and the subsequent activation of PKA or PKG, which can then target PRAMEF21. Finally, Anisomycin, although primarily a protein synthesis inhibitor, can activate stress-activated protein kinases like JNK, which may influence the activation status of PRAMEF21 through secondary signaling pathways or post-translational modifications.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $76.00 $150.00 $725.00 $1385.00 $2050.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin directly activates adenylyl cyclase, resulting in increased production of cyclic AMP (cAMP), a secondary messenger that can enhance PRAMEF21 activity by activating PKA. PKA then phosphorylates target proteins that could lead to the activation of PRAMEF21. | ||||||
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $40.00 $129.00 $210.00 $490.00 $929.00 | 119 | |
PMA activates protein kinase C (PKC), which can phosphorylate and regulate the function of many proteins. Given that PKC-mediated pathways are involved in cell signaling, the activation of these pathways can lead to the functional activation of PRAMEF21 by altering its phosphorylation state or the phosphorylation state of proteins interacting with PRAMEF21. | ||||||
Ionomycin | 56092-82-1 | sc-3592 sc-3592A | 1 mg 5 mg | $76.00 $265.00 | 80 | |
Ionomycin acts as an ionophore for calcium, increasing intracellular calcium concentrations. Elevated calcium levels can activate calcium-dependent protein kinases, such as calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMK), which in turn may lead to the activation of PRAMEF21 by phosphorylation or by activating signaling cascades that include PRAMEF21. | ||||||
Isoproterenol Hydrochloride | 51-30-9 | sc-202188 sc-202188A | 100 mg 500 mg | $27.00 $37.00 | 5 | |
Isoproterenol is a beta-adrenergic agonist that can increase intracellular levels of cAMP through the activation of adenylyl cyclase, similar to forskolin. The rise in cAMP can activate PKA, which may result in the phosphorylation and activation of proteins within pathways that PRAMEF21 is a part of, leading to its functional activation. | ||||||
FPL-64176 | 120934-96-5 | sc-201491 | 5 mg | $81.00 | 1 | |
FPL 64176 is a calcium channel activator which increases intracellular calcium levels. This can activate calcium-dependent kinases that could phosphorylate PRAMEF21 or associated regulatory proteins, leading to the activation of PRAMEF21. | ||||||
IBMX | 28822-58-4 | sc-201188 sc-201188B sc-201188A | 200 mg 500 mg 1 g | $159.00 $315.00 $598.00 | 34 | |
IBMX is a nonspecific inhibitor of phosphodiesterases, which prevents the breakdown of cAMP and cGMP, leading to their accumulation. The increased levels of these cyclic nucleotides can activate PKA or PKG, which can then phosphorylate and activate PRAMEF21 or proteins that control PRAMEF21 function. | ||||||
Anisomycin | 22862-76-6 | sc-3524 sc-3524A | 5 mg 50 mg | $97.00 $254.00 | 36 | |
Anisomycin is known as a protein synthesis inhibitor, but it also activates stress-activated protein kinases like JNK. The activation of these kinases can lead to the activation of transcription factors and other signaling molecules that can promote the functional activation of PRAMEF21 by enhancing its interaction with other proteins or by post-translational modifications. | ||||||
Thapsigargin | 67526-95-8 | sc-24017 sc-24017A | 1 mg 5 mg | $94.00 $349.00 | 114 | |
Thapsigargin is a SERCA pump inhibitor that leads to an increase in cytosolic calcium levels, which could activate calcium-dependent signaling pathways, possibly resulting in the activation of PRAMEF21 through phosphorylation by calcium-dependent protein kinases. | ||||||
Dibutyryl-cAMP | 16980-89-5 | sc-201567 sc-201567A sc-201567B sc-201567C | 20 mg 100 mg 500 mg 10 g | $45.00 $130.00 $480.00 $4450.00 | 74 | |
Dibutyryl-cAMP is a cell-permeable cAMP analog that can activate cAMP-dependent pathways by directly activating PKA. This activation can lead to downstream phosphorylation events within the cellular signaling networks that could result in the functional activation of PRAMEF21. | ||||||
(±)-Bay K 8644 | 71145-03-4 | sc-203324 sc-203324A sc-203324B | 1 mg 5 mg 50 mg | $82.00 $192.00 $801.00 | ||
Bay K8644 is an L-type calcium channel agonist which enhances calcium influx and can activate calcium-dependent signaling pathways. The subsequent activation of these pathways can lead to the functional activation of PRAMEF21 through phosphorylation or by altering interactions within the protein complex that PRAMEF21 is a part of. | ||||||