Placental lactogen Iγ Activators
Chemical activators of Placental lactogen Iγ utilize various intracellular signaling pathways to modulate its expression. Forskolin, IBMX, PGE2, Isoproterenol, Rolipram, Cholera Toxin, Epinephrine, and Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (db-cAMP) all act by increasing the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP), albeit through different mechanisms. Forskolin directly stimulates adenylate cyclase, thereby enhancing cAMP production. IBMX and Rolipram extend the life of cAMP within the cell by inhibiting phosphodiesterases, enzymes responsible for cAMP breakdown. PGE2, Isoproterenol, and Epinephrine bind to their respective G-protein-coupled receptors, stimulating adenylate cyclase activity. Cholera Toxin, on the other hand, permanently activates the Gs alpha subunit, leading to a sustained increase in cAMP. db-cAMP is a synthetic analog of cAMP that directly activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) without the need for upstream signaling. Once activated, PKA phosphorylates specific transcription factors, which can then bind to the DNA and enhance the transcription of Placental lactogen Iγ.
A separate set of chemical activators influences Placental lactogen Iγ expression by modulating different signaling pathways. Anisomycin activates stress-activated protein kinases, such as JNK, which can then modify transcription factors involved in the expression of Placental lactogen Iγ. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulates protein kinase C (PKC), which also phosphorylates transcription factors that promote Placental lactogen Iγ expression. Ionomycin raises intracellular calcium levels, activating calmodulin-dependent kinases that can phosphorylate target proteins and transcription factors. Okadaic Acid inhibits protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, leading to an increase in the phosphorylation state of proteins, including those that can bind to promoter regions of the gene encoding Placental lactogen Iγ, facilitating its transcription. These various activators, through their distinct biochemical interactions, converge on the modulation of transcription factors that ultimately increase the expression of Placental lactogen Iγ.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IBMX | 28822-58-4 | sc-201188 sc-201188B sc-201188A | 200 mg 500 mg 1 g | $260.00 $350.00 $500.00 | 34 | |
IBMX increases intracellular cAMP by inhibiting phosphodiesterases, which degrade cAMP. Elevated cAMP levels lead to the activation of PKA, which can phosphorylate transcription factors involved in the expression of Placental lactogen Iγ. | ||||||
PGE2 | 363-24-6 | sc-201225 sc-201225C sc-201225A sc-201225B | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 50 mg | $57.00 $159.00 $275.00 $678.00 | 37 | |
Prostaglandin E2 interacts with its G-protein-coupled receptors, leading to the activation of adenylate cyclase. This raises intracellular cAMP levels and activates PKA, which can subsequently enhance the production of Placental lactogen Iγ by phosphorylating relevant transcription factors. | ||||||
Isoproterenol Hydrochloride | 51-30-9 | sc-202188 sc-202188A | 100 mg 500 mg | $28.00 $38.00 | 5 | |
Isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agonist, activates beta-adrenergic receptors, stimulating adenylate cyclase and increasing cAMP, which activates PKA. PKA then targets transcription factors that may increase the transcription of genes encoding Placental lactogen Iγ. | ||||||
Rolipram | 61413-54-5 | sc-3563 sc-3563A | 5 mg 50 mg | $77.00 $216.00 | 18 | |
Rolipram inhibits phosphodiesterase 4, leading to increased cAMP levels in cells. The elevation in cAMP activates PKA, which then can phosphorylate transcription factors that enhance the transcription of Placental lactogen Iγ. | ||||||
(−)-Epinephrine | 51-43-4 | sc-205674 sc-205674A sc-205674B sc-205674C sc-205674D | 1 g 5 g 10 g 100 g 1 kg | $41.00 $104.00 $201.00 $1774.00 $16500.00 | ||
Epinephrine binds to and activates beta-adrenergic receptors, which stimulates adenylate cyclase, thus increasing cAMP and activating PKA. PKA phosphorylation of transcription factors can lead to the upregulation of Placental lactogen Iγ expression. | ||||||
Anisomycin | 22862-76-6 | sc-3524 sc-3524A | 5 mg 50 mg | $99.00 $259.00 | 36 | |
Anisomycin acts as an activator of stress-activated protein kinases, such as JNK. Activated JNK can phosphorylate transcription factors that enhance the transcription of Placental lactogen Iγ. | ||||||
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $41.00 $132.00 $214.00 $500.00 $948.00 | 119 | |
PMA activates protein kinase C (PKC), which can phosphorylate transcription factors or other proteins that stimulate the transcription of the gene encoding Placental lactogen Iγ. | ||||||
Ionomycin | 56092-82-1 | sc-3592 sc-3592A | 1 mg 5 mg | $78.00 $270.00 | 80 | |
Ionomycin increases intracellular calcium levels, which can activate calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMK). CaMK can then phosphorylate transcription factors or other proteins that increase the transcription of Placental lactogen Iγ. | ||||||
Okadaic Acid | 78111-17-8 | sc-3513 sc-3513A sc-3513B | 25 µg 100 µg 1 mg | $291.00 $530.00 $1800.00 | 78 | |
Okadaic acid inhibits protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, which leads to the hyperphosphorylation of proteins including transcription factors that can enhance the transcription of Placental lactogen Iγ. | ||||||
Dibutyryl-cAMP | 16980-89-5 | sc-201567 sc-201567A sc-201567B sc-201567C | 20 mg 100 mg 500 mg 10 g | $47.00 $136.00 $492.00 $4552.00 | 74 | |
db-cAMP is a cell-permeable cAMP analog that directly activates cAMP-dependent PKA. Activated PKA then phosphorylates transcription factors that stimulate the transcription of Placental lactogen Iγ. | ||||||