MD-2 Activators

MD-2 activators encompass a range of chemicals that interact with the MD-2/TLR4 signaling axis, which is a key component of the innate immune response. These chemicals either mimic the structure of natural MD-2 ligands, like LPS, or modulate the cellular environment to enhance the response of the MD-2/TLR4 complex. Eritoran, for example, can lead to compensatory increases in MD-2 expression due to its role as a TLR4 antagonist. MPLA, as a less toxic derivative of LPS, retains the ability to activate the TLR4/MD-2 complex, leading to downstream signaling events.

Other chemicals, such as chloroquine and CoPP modulate other aspects of the cellular environment, such as endosomal maturation and heme metabolism, which can indirectly influence the TLR4/MD-2 complex's activity. Curcumin and vitamin D3 exert their effects on the TLR4/MD-2 pathway by altering the expression and trafficking of these molecules, thus impacting their signaling capabilities. Additionally, molecules like Lipoxin A4, Resatorvid, PAM3CSK4, Poly(I:C), and Imiquimod can modulate the MD-2/TLR4 pathway by interacting with other TLRs or cellular processes, leading to a broader activation of the innate immune response.