granzyme F Activators
Granzyme F Activators are diverse chemical compounds that enhance the functional activity of granzyme F, a serine protease released by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells to mediate apoptosis in targeted cells. The activation of Protein Kinase C (PKC) by Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) leads to a cascade of events culminating in the increased release of granzyme F. Similarly, Ionomycin and A23187, both calcium ionophores, elevate intracellular calcium, a crucial second messenger in the activation and degranulation process of cytotoxic cells that results in the secretion of granzyme F. Forskolin and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) utilize the cAMP pathway to exert their effects, with Forskolin directly activating adenylate cyclase and PGE2 engaging its G-protein-coupled receptors, leading to cAMP elevation and PKA-dependent pathways that may accelerate the release of granzyme F. Bryostatin 1 and Dibutyryl-cAMP (db-cAMP) bolster the activation and function of PKC and PKA respectively, thereby facilitating the cytotoxic process involving granzyme F.
These compounds work by modulating intracellular signaling that governs the release of granzyme F from immune cells. Batrachotoxin forces the opening of sodium channels, which can potentiate the activation state of cytotoxic lymphocytes and subsequent granzyme F release. Ouabain's inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase alters ion gradients, which may indirectly foster cytotoxic lymphocyte activation and granzyme F release. K-252a, by inhibiting specific kinases, could lead to aenhanced activation of T cells, which in turn could increase the secretion of granzyme F. Thapsigargin, by inhibiting the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA), results in raised cytosolic calcium levels, activating calcium-dependent signaling pathways and potentially boosting the exocytosis of granzyme F. Lastly, Cyclosporin A, though commonly known for its immunosuppressive properties, can in certain contexts raise T cell activity, which may indirectly lead to heightened granzyme F activity by altering intracellular signaling pathways.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $41.00 $132.00 $214.00 $500.00 $948.00 | 119 | |
PMA is a potent activator of protein kinase C (PKC), which can enhance the cytotoxic response of immune cells by increasing the release of granzyme F from cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. | ||||||
Ionomycin | 56092-82-1 | sc-3592 sc-3592A | 1 mg 5 mg | $78.00 $270.00 | 80 | |
Ionomycin is a calcium ionophore that increases intracellular calcium levels, a signal that can stimulate the exocytosis of cytotoxic granules containing granzyme F from T cells and NK cells. | ||||||
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $78.00 $153.00 $740.00 $1413.00 $2091.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin activates adenylate cyclase, increasing cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels, which can lead to the enhancement of granzyme F release through PKA-dependent signaling pathways. | ||||||
PGE2 | 363-24-6 | sc-201225 sc-201225C sc-201225A sc-201225B | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 50 mg | $57.00 $159.00 $275.00 $678.00 | 37 | |
PGE2 interacts with its receptors to elevate cAMP levels, which may indirectly enhance the secretion of granzyme F through PKA activation in cytotoxic cells. | ||||||
Bryostatin 1 | 83314-01-6 | sc-201407 | 10 µg | $245.00 | 9 | |
Bryostatin 1 acts as a PKC modulator, which can potentiate the activation of T cells and subsequent release of granzyme F by mimicking diacylglycerol. | ||||||
A23187 | 52665-69-7 | sc-3591 sc-3591B sc-3591A sc-3591C | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg | $55.00 $131.00 $203.00 $317.00 | 23 | |
A23187 is a calcium ionophore that increases intracellular calcium concentrations, thereby potentially facilitating the release of granzyme F as part of the cytotoxic immune response. | ||||||
Dibutyryl-cAMP | 16980-89-5 | sc-201567 sc-201567A sc-201567B sc-201567C | 20 mg 100 mg 500 mg 10 g | $47.00 $136.00 $492.00 $4552.00 | 74 | |
db-cAMP is a cAMP analog that activates PKA, potentially enhancing the secretion of granzyme F from cytotoxic lymphocytes. | ||||||
Ouabain-d3 (Major) | sc-478417 | 1 mg | $516.00 | |||
Ouabain inhibits Na+/K+-ATPase, leading to increased intracellular sodium and calcium levels that could enhance cytotoxic lymphocyte activity and granzyme F release. | ||||||
K-252a | 99533-80-9 | sc-200517 sc-200517B sc-200517A | 100 µg 500 µg 1 mg | $129.00 $214.00 $498.00 | 19 | |
K-252a is a kinase inhibitor that can increase the activation state of T cells, potentially leading to enhanced release of granzyme F. | ||||||
Thapsigargin | 67526-95-8 | sc-24017 sc-24017A | 1 mg 5 mg | $136.00 $446.00 | 114 | |
Thapsigargin is a SERCA pump inhibitor that leads to increased cytosolic calcium levels, which may promote the release of granzyme F from cytotoxic cells. | ||||||