CD28 Activators
CD28 activators, as a distinct chemical class, comprise a group of compounds strategically designed to indirectly modulate CD28 signaling pathways. This class operates by enhancing intracellular signaling cascades that converge on the T cell receptor (TCR) and CD28 co-stimulatory signaling complex. Notable compounds within this category, such as Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), Bryostatin 1, and Prostratin, function as activators of protein kinase C (PKC), a key enzyme crucial for T cell activation. PKC's pivotal role in signal transduction processes enhances the activation of CD28's co-stimulatory signals, a process essential for T cell activation and survival. It's worth noting that these compounds do not directly bind to CD28 but rather potentiate its signaling through the activation of TCR pathways or modulation of secondary messenger systems, including alterations in calcium ion concentration and cAMP levels within T cells.
Furthermore, agents like Isoproterenol and Forskolin, which raise intracellular cAMP levels, or sanguinarine, which modulates PKC activity, exert indirect influence on the functional capacity of CD28. The actions of these chemicals result in an altered cellular milieu that favors the enhancement of T cell receptor signaling. This enhancement, in synergy with CD28's co-stimulatory signals, facilitates the full activation and proliferation of T cells. The increase in intracellular messengers, along with the modulation of signaling kinases and phosphatases, collectively contributes to creating a cellular environment that indirectly amplifies CD28-mediated signals. In this intricate interplay, CD28 activators emerge as critical modulators of T cell responses, uniquely contributing to the regulation of immune responses without direct interaction with CD28 itself. Understanding the nuanced interactions of these activators provides valuable insights into the complexity of immune modulation and the intricate regulatory networks governing T cell activation.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $41.00 $132.00 $214.00 $500.00 $948.00 | 119 | |
PMA is an activator of protein kinase C (PKC), which can amplify T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Enhanced TCR signaling can indirectly increase CD28's co-stimulatory function as PKC is also implicated in the regulation of CD28-dependent co-stimulatory signals. | ||||||
Ionomycin | 56092-82-1 | sc-3592 sc-3592A | 1 mg 5 mg | $78.00 $270.00 | 80 | |
Ionomycin acts as a calcium ionophore, elevating intracellular calcium levels, which is a critical second messenger in T cells. The rise in intracellular calcium can potentiate CD28 signaling indirectly by synergizing with TCR signaling, to which CD28 provides co-stimulatory signals. | ||||||
Cobalt(II) chloride | 7646-79-9 | sc-252623 sc-252623A | 5 g 100 g | $64.00 $176.00 | 7 | |
Cobalt(II) chloride induces hypoxia-mimicking conditions, which can lead to the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α). HIF-1α can modulate T cell metabolism and function, potentially enhancing CD28 signaling as part of the adaptive response to hypoxia. | ||||||
Bryostatin 1 | 83314-01-6 | sc-201407 | 10 µg | $245.00 | 9 | |
Bryostatin 1 is a modulator of PKC, leading to its activation. Activation of PKC can lead to enhanced TCR signaling, and thus, it can indirectly augment the signaling through CD28 by enhancing the co-stimulatory signals required for full T cell activation. | ||||||
Isoproterenol Hydrochloride | 51-30-9 | sc-202188 sc-202188A | 100 mg 500 mg | $28.00 $38.00 | 5 | |
Isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist, can increase intracellular cAMP, which may influence TCR/CD28 mediated signaling. Elevated cAMP levels can modulate the balance of signaling molecules downstream of the TCR, affecting CD28 co-stimulatory signaling. | ||||||
Anisomycin | 22862-76-6 | sc-3524 sc-3524A | 5 mg 50 mg | $99.00 $259.00 | 36 | |
Anisomycin is known to activate stress-activated protein kinases, leading to alterations in T cell activation pathways. Such stress responses can influence the TCR/CD28 axis, potentially enhancing the co-stimulatory signaling through CD28. | ||||||
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $78.00 $153.00 $740.00 $1413.00 $2091.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin activates adenylyl cyclase, raising cAMP levels in T cells. Increased cAMP may modulate TCR signaling, which, when co-stimulated through CD28, can lead to a stronger activation signal for T cell proliferation and differentiation. | ||||||
Sanguinarium | 2447-54-3 | sc-473396 | 10 mg | $220.00 | ||
Sanguinarine can modulate PKC activity and has been shown to influence the immune response. Its effect on PKC can have downstream effects on TCR signaling, which can indirectly enhance CD28 signaling by potentiating the co-stimulatory signals necessary for T cell activation. | ||||||
Okadaic Acid | 78111-17-8 | sc-3513 sc-3513A sc-3513B | 25 µg 100 µg 1 mg | $291.00 $530.00 $1800.00 | 78 | |
Okadaic acid is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, leading to increased phosphorylation of proteins involved in TCR signaling. This may result in enhanced co-stimulatory signaling via CD28 due to the synergistic action of TCR and CD28 pathways. | ||||||
Prostratin | 60857-08-1 | sc-203422 sc-203422A | 1 mg 5 mg | $141.00 $541.00 | 24 | |
Prostratin acts as a PKC activator, similar to PMA. It can potentiate TCR signaling and therefore may enhance CD28-mediated co-stimulatory signaling by influencing the activation state of T cells. | ||||||