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Rho GTPase activating protein 39, often abbreviated as "RhoGAP39" or "ARHGAP39," is a member of the Rho GAP family of proteins, which play a critical role in the regulation of the Rho family of GTPases. Rho GTPases are a subfamily of the Ras superfamily and are pivotal in various cellular processes, including actin cytoskeleton organization, cell migration, cell cycle progression, gene transcription, and vesicle trafficking.

RhoGAP39, like other RhoGAP proteins, functions as a negative regulator of Rho GTPases. It achieves this by stimulating the intrinsic GTPase activity of the Rho proteins, which leads to their inactivation. The active form of Rho proteins is bound to GTP, and when GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP, the Rho protein becomes inactive. This inactivation process is enhanced by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), such as RhoGAP39, which accelerate the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.The precise cellular functions and regulatory mechanisms of RhoGAP39 are not as well characterized as some other members of the RhoGAP family. However, it is known that the regulated activity of RhoGAP39 is essential for maintaining the dynamic balance between the active and inactive states of Rho GTPases. This balance is crucial for the proper control of cellular dynamics and architecture. Disruption in the function of RhoGAP39, as with other GAPs, can lead to aberrant cell behavior and has been associated with various pathologies, including developmental disorders and cancer.