TRA16 Activators
TRA16 can engage in a variety of signaling pathways to modulate the protein's activity. Forskolin, by directly stimulating adenylyl cyclase, raises cAMP levels within cells, which in turn activates PKA. PKA, a kinase with broad substrate specificity, can phosphorylate numerous proteins including TRA16, leading to its activation if TRA16 is a substrate for PKA. Similarly, IBMX works to sustain cAMP levels by inhibiting phosphodiesterases, the enzymes responsible for cAMP breakdown. This indirect action also prolongs PKA activity, which may result in the continued activation of TRA16. PGE2, through its interaction with G-protein-coupled EP receptors, and Isoproterenol, as a beta-adrenergic agonist, both function to elevate intracellular cAMP, following the same PKA-mediated activation route for TRA16. Cholera toxin, on the other hand, permanently activates the Gs alpha subunit, leading to adenylyl cyclase's constant activation and a continuous increase in cAMP and PKA activity, which could facilitate sustained phosphorylation of TRA16.
Anisomycin activates JNK, which can phosphorylate various proteins, enabling the activation of TRA16 if JNK-mediated phosphorylation is a regulatory mechanism for TRA16. Okadaic acid, by inhibiting protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A, prevents the dephosphorylation of proteins, which could maintain TRA16 in an activated state if these phosphatases normally target TRA16. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) has a different approach, activating PKC, another kinase that phosphorylates a spectrum of proteins, potentially including TRA16. Activation of PKC by PMA would then lead to phosphorylation and activation of TRA16. Additional signaling molecules such as Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) and Insulin activate their respective receptors and associated downstream pathways that can result in the phosphorylation and activation of various proteins, including TRA16, if it is a part of these cascades. Bradykinin, through its receptors, can activate PLC and subsequently PKC, which could lead to the activation of TRA16. Finally, Zinc ions can influence protein function by binding directly to proteins with zinc-binding domains. If TRA16 has such a domain, zinc could induce a conformational change that activates the protein.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $76.00 $150.00 $725.00 $1385.00 $2050.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin directly stimulates adenylyl cyclase, which increases cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels in cells. Elevated cAMP activates PKA (protein kinase A), which can then phosphorylate and activate various proteins, including TRA16, assuming TRA16's function is regulated by phosphorylation by PKA. | ||||||
IBMX | 28822-58-4 | sc-201188 sc-201188B sc-201188A | 200 mg 500 mg 1 g | $159.00 $315.00 $598.00 | 34 | |
IBMX is a non-specific inhibitor of phosphodiesterases, enzymes that break down cAMP. By preventing cAMP degradation, IBMX indirectly sustains the activation of PKA, which again, if TRA16 is a substrate for PKA, would result in the activation of TRA16. | ||||||
PGE2 | 363-24-6 | sc-201225 sc-201225C sc-201225A sc-201225B | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 50 mg | $56.00 $156.00 $270.00 $665.00 | 37 | |
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) binds to its G-protein-coupled EP receptors, leading to an increase in intracellular cAMP levels, similarly activating PKA and potentially leading to the phosphorylation and activation of TRA16 if it is a PKA substrate. | ||||||
Isoproterenol Hydrochloride | 51-30-9 | sc-202188 sc-202188A | 100 mg 500 mg | $27.00 $37.00 | 5 | |
Isoproterenol is a beta-adrenergic agonist that activates adenylyl cyclase via G-protein-coupled receptor signaling, leading to increased cAMP and subsequent PKA activation, which could phosphorylate and activate TRA16 if it is a PKA substrate. | ||||||
Anisomycin | 22862-76-6 | sc-3524 sc-3524A | 5 mg 50 mg | $97.00 $254.00 | 36 | |
Anisomycin is a protein synthesis inhibitor that also activates JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase). If TRA16 is regulated by JNK-mediated phosphorylation, anisomycin could lead to its activation through this pathway. | ||||||
Okadaic Acid | 78111-17-8 | sc-3513 sc-3513A sc-3513B | 25 µg 100 µg 1 mg | $285.00 $520.00 $1300.00 | 78 | |
Okadaic acid is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A. Inhibition of these phosphatases can result in increased phosphorylation levels of cellular proteins. If TRA16 is normally dephosphorylated by these phosphatases, okadaic acid could lead to its persistent activation. | ||||||
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $40.00 $129.00 $210.00 $490.00 $929.00 | 119 | |
PMA activates protein kinase C (PKC), which phosphorylates a wide range of target proteins. If TRA16 is a substrate for PKC, then activation of PKC by PMA could result in activation of TRA16. | ||||||
Insulin | 11061-68-0 | sc-29062 sc-29062A sc-29062B | 100 mg 1 g 10 g | $153.00 $1224.00 $12239.00 | 82 | |
Insulin signaling activates PI3K/Akt pathway, which can lead to the activation of many proteins through phosphorylation. If TRA16's activity is regulated by Akt or a downstream effector, insulin could result in its activation. | ||||||
Bradykinin | 58-82-2 | sc-507311 | 5 mg | $110.00 | ||
Bradykinin binds to its receptors and can lead to the activation of PLC, which in turn can activate PKC. If TRA16 is a substrate for PKC, then the activation of PKC by bradykinin could activate TRA16. | ||||||
Zinc | 7440-66-6 | sc-213177 | 100 g | $47.00 | ||
Zinc ions can act as signaling molecules, influencing various cellular pathways. If TRA16 has a zinc-binding domain that regulates its activity, the presence of zinc could directly activate TRA16 by inducing a conformational change that results in its activation. | ||||||