SEC16A Activators
Chemical activators of SEC16A can play a crucial role in the regulation of its function in the assembly of coat protein II (COPII) vesicles, which are pivotal for the trafficking of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. Forskolin is known to activate adenylate cyclase, which increases the intracellular levels of cAMP, a secondary messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA). PKA, in turn, phosphorylates various substrates, which can include proteins that facilitate the membrane recruitment and assembly of SEC16A. This phosphorylation cascade enhances SEC16A's role in vesicle formation, ensuring efficient protein trafficking within the cell. Similarly, the cAMP analogs 8-Bromo-cAMP and Dibutyryl-cAMP serve to activate PKA, thereby influencing the phosphorylation state of proteins associated with SEC16A, further promoting the assembly and function of the COPII complex.
In parallel, Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) activates protein kinase C (PKC), which phosphorylates substrates that can directly interact with SEC16A. This interaction promotes the COPII vesicle trafficking process. The Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) and Insulin are activators of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways, respectively. These pathways can lead to the phosphorylation of proteins that interact with SEC16A, enhancing its function in vesicle formation. Ionomycin and Ionophore A23187 increase intracellular calcium concentrations, thereby activating calcium-sensitive proteins that may interact with and promote SEC16A function. Similarly, Thapsigargin releases stored calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum, which can activate calcium-dependent pathways influencing SEC16A activity. Calyculin A and Okadaic Acid, both protein phosphatase inhibitors, lead to increased phosphorylation levels of proteins, some of which may activate SEC16A. Lastly, Brefeldin A disrupts Golgi structure and function, leading to a compensatory activation of ER-to-Golgi transport pathways that could enhance SEC16A activity, ensuring the proper assembly of COPII vesicles.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $76.00 $150.00 $725.00 $1385.00 $2050.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin activates adenylate cyclase, leading to an increase in cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels. Elevated cAMP can activate protein kinase A (PKA), which in turn can phosphorylate proteins that facilitate the membrane recruitment and assembly of SEC16A, enhancing its function in coat protein II (COPII) vesicle formation. | ||||||
Insulin | 11061-68-0 | sc-29062 sc-29062A sc-29062B | 100 mg 1 g 10 g | $153.00 $1224.00 $12239.00 | 82 | |
Insulin can activate the PI3K/Akt pathway, which may enhance the trafficking machinery by phosphorylating and activating proteins that assist in SEC16A function related to vesicle formation and secretion. | ||||||
8-Bromo-cAMP | 76939-46-3 | sc-201564 sc-201564A | 10 mg 50 mg | $97.00 $224.00 | 30 | |
As a cAMP analog, 8-Bromo-cAMP activates PKA, which can phosphorylate and activate SEC16A or proteins associated with SEC16A, thereby promoting COPII vesicle assembly and function. | ||||||
Ionomycin | 56092-82-1 | sc-3592 sc-3592A | 1 mg 5 mg | $76.00 $265.00 | 80 | |
Ionomycin increases intracellular calcium concentration, which can activate calcium-sensitive proteins and kinases that interact with and promote SEC16A-mediated vesicle assembly. | ||||||
Calyculin A | 101932-71-2 | sc-24000 sc-24000A sc-24000B sc-24000C | 10 µg 100 µg 500 µg 1 mg | $160.00 $750.00 $1400.00 $3000.00 | 59 | |
Calyculin A inhibits protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, leading to increased phosphorylation levels of cellular proteins, which may include substrates that activate SEC16A function in vesicle trafficking. | ||||||
Okadaic Acid | 78111-17-8 | sc-3513 sc-3513A sc-3513B | 25 µg 100 µg 1 mg | $285.00 $520.00 $1300.00 | 78 | |
Okadaic Acid, a protein phosphatase inhibitor, indirectly causes hyperphosphorylation of cellular proteins, potentially including those that interact with and activate SEC16A. | ||||||
Dibutyryl-cAMP | 16980-89-5 | sc-201567 sc-201567A sc-201567B sc-201567C | 20 mg 100 mg 500 mg 10 g | $45.00 $130.00 $480.00 $4450.00 | 74 | |
As another cAMP analog, Dibutyryl-cAMP mimics cAMP and activates PKA, which can contribute to the activation of SEC16A by phosphorylation of associated proteins within the COPII vesicle formation pathway. | ||||||
Thapsigargin | 67526-95-8 | sc-24017 sc-24017A | 1 mg 5 mg | $94.00 $349.00 | 114 | |
Thapsigargin leads to the release of stored calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum, activating calcium-dependent proteins and pathways that may include those regulating SEC16A function. | ||||||
A23187 | 52665-69-7 | sc-3591 sc-3591B sc-3591A sc-3591C | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg | $54.00 $128.00 $199.00 $311.00 | 23 | |
Ionophore A23187 facilitates calcium ion entry into the cell, activating calcium-dependent kinases and phosphatases, which could enhance SEC16A activity by modulating its interacting partners. | ||||||
Brefeldin A | 20350-15-6 | sc-200861C sc-200861 sc-200861A sc-200861B | 1 mg 5 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $30.00 $52.00 $122.00 $367.00 | 25 | |
Brefeldin A disrupts Golgi structure and function, which can lead to a compensatory activation of ER-to-Golgi transport pathways involving SEC16A, potentially enhancing its activity in COPII vesicle formation. | ||||||