REM Activators
REM Activators are a distinct set of chemical compounds that directly or indirectly lead to the enhancement of REM's functional activity through various signaling pathways. Forskolin, Isoproterenol, IBMX, Rolipram, and FSK all elevate intracellular cAMP levels, albeit through different mechanisms such as adenylyl cyclase activation, beta-adrenergic receptor agonism, phosphodiesterase inhibition, and direct stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, respectively. This rise in cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA), which is known to phosphorylate many substrates, including REM, thereby enhancing its activity. Epinephrine and Glucagon also increase cAMP through their receptor-mediated effects, further supporting the activation of PKA and subsequent phosphorylation of REM. PMA, through activation of protein kinase C (PKC), initiates a cascade that may indirectly lead to the phosphorylation of REM, suggesting a role for PKC in modulating REM activity
Additional elements contributing to the activation of REM include Anisomycin, which by inhibiting protein synthesis, inadvertently activates stress-activated protein kinases that could target REM. Okadaic Acid and Calyculin A both prevent the dephosphorylation of proteins by inhibiting protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. By maintaining REM in a phosphorylated state, these inhibitors potentially keep REM persistently active. Lastly, Bay K 8644, by acting as an L-type calcium channel agonist, increases intracellular calcium. Elevated calcium levels can activate calcium-dependent protein kinases, which in turn may lead to the phosphorylation.
| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $78.00 $153.00 $740.00 $1413.00 $2091.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin activates adenylyl cyclase, leading to increased cAMP levels. Elevated cAMP activates PKA, which can phosphorylate REM, enhancing its activity. | ||||||
Isoproterenol Hydrochloride | 51-30-9 | sc-202188 sc-202188A | 100 mg 500 mg | $28.00 $38.00 | 5 | |
Isoproterenol is a beta-adrenergic agonist that increases cAMP levels in cells, similarly leading to the activation of PKA. PKA can then phosphorylate REM, increasing its activity. | ||||||
IBMX | 28822-58-4 | sc-201188 sc-201188B sc-201188A | 200 mg 500 mg 1 g | $260.00 $350.00 $500.00 | 34 | |
IBMX is a non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, which prevents the breakdown of cAMP, thus sustaining PKA activation and subsequent phosphorylation of REM. | ||||||
Rolipram | 61413-54-5 | sc-3563 sc-3563A | 5 mg 50 mg | $77.00 $216.00 | 18 | |
Rolipram is a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 4, which increases intracellular cAMP levels, leading to PKA activation. This, in turn, enhances the phosphorylation and activity of REM. | ||||||
Anisomycin | 22862-76-6 | sc-3524 sc-3524A | 5 mg 50 mg | $99.00 $259.00 | 36 | |
Anisomycin is a protein synthesis inhibitor that activates stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs), which could lead to the activation of REM through stress response signaling pathways. | ||||||
Okadaic Acid | 78111-17-8 | sc-3513 sc-3513A sc-3513B | 25 µg 100 µg 1 mg | $291.00 $530.00 $1800.00 | 78 | |
Okadaic acid is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, preventing dephosphorylation and thereby maintaining REM in an active phosphorylated state. | ||||||
Calyculin A | 101932-71-2 | sc-24000 sc-24000A | 10 µg 100 µg | $163.00 $800.00 | 59 | |
Similar to okadaic acid, calyculin A inhibits protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, ensuring the phosphorylated and active state of REM is sustained. | ||||||
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $41.00 $132.00 $214.00 $500.00 $948.00 | 119 | |
PMA is a PKC activator. By activating PKC, it could affect downstream signaling that indirectly leads to the phosphorylation and enhancement of REM activity. | ||||||
(−)-Epinephrine | 51-43-4 | sc-205674 sc-205674A sc-205674B sc-205674C sc-205674D | 1 g 5 g 10 g 100 g 1 kg | $41.00 $104.00 $201.00 $1774.00 $16500.00 | ||
Epinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors, leading to the production of cAMP and activation of PKA. PKA can phosphorylate and activate REM. | ||||||
(±)-Bay K 8644 | 71145-03-4 | sc-203324 sc-203324A sc-203324B | 1 mg 5 mg 50 mg | $84.00 $196.00 $817.00 | ||
Bay K 8644 acts as an L-type calcium channel agonist, increasing intracellular calcium levels, which can activate calcium-dependent protein kinases that may phosphorylate and enhance REM activity. | ||||||