MYL4 Activators
Chemicals that act as indirect activators of MYL4 primarily interact with signaling pathways that regulate the phosphorylation state of MYL4. The majority of these chemicals can be categorized into two groups, those that increase intracellular calcium levels and those that manipulate the cAMP pathway. The first group of activators either directly increase intracellular calcium levels or activate pathways that lead to an increase in intracellular calcium levels. Increased levels of intracellular calcium stimulate the activity of calmodulin, a calcium-binding messenger protein, which subsequently activates MLCK. Activated MLCK then phosphorylates MYL4, leading to its activation.
The second group of activators influence the cAMP pathway. They activate adenylate cyclase, which increases the levels of cAMP. cAMP in turn activates PKA, which inhibits myosin phosphatase. The inhibition of myosin phosphatase, an enzyme responsible for the dephosphorylation and inactivation of MYL4, indirectly maintains the phosphorylated (active) state of MYL4. Therefore, activators that increase levels of cAMP can indirectly lead to the activation of MYL4. While these activators do not directly promote MYL4, they play crucial roles in modulating the biochemical pathways that control the phosphorylation state, and therefore, the activation of MYL4. A smaller group of activators that act as indirect activators of MYL4 includes those that modulate the activity of proteins involved in the regulation of MLCK, the enzyme that directly phosphorylates MYL4. This group activates PKC, a protein known to phosphorylate and activate MLCK which inhibits calmodulin, a protein that, when inhibited, leads to increased MLCK activity. By modulating the activity of MLCK, these chemicals can also influence the phosphorylation and activation of MYL4.
| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ionomycin | 56092-82-1 | sc-3592 sc-3592A | 1 mg 5 mg | $78.00 $270.00 | 80 | |
Ionomycin, a calcium ionophore, increases intracellular calcium levels. This subsequently stimulates the activity of calmodulin, a calcium-binding messenger protein, which activates myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). The activation of MLCK can lead to the phosphorylation and activation of MYL4. | ||||||
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $41.00 $132.00 $214.00 $500.00 $948.00 | 119 | |
PMA activates protein kinase C (PKC), which can phosphorylate and activate MLCK. The activation of MLCK can then lead to the phosphorylation and activation of MYL4. | ||||||
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $78.00 $153.00 $740.00 $1413.00 $2091.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin activates adenylate cyclase, which increases levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP). cAMP can activate protein kinase A (PKA), which inhibits myosin phosphatase. Inhibition of myosin phosphatase indirectly maintains the phosphorylation and activation state of MYL4. | ||||||
Isoproterenol Hydrochloride | 51-30-9 | sc-202188 sc-202188A | 100 mg 500 mg | $28.00 $38.00 | 5 | |
Isoproterenol is a β-adrenoceptor agonist that increases intracellular cAMP levels, leading to the activation of PKA. PKA inhibits myosin phosphatase, which indirectly maintains the phosphorylation and activation state of MYL4. | ||||||
(−)-Epinephrine | 51-43-4 | sc-205674 sc-205674A sc-205674B sc-205674C sc-205674D | 1 g 5 g 10 g 100 g 1 kg | $41.00 $104.00 $201.00 $1774.00 $16500.00 | ||
Epinephrine, through activation of the β-adrenoceptor, increases intracellular cAMP levels, leading to the activation of PKA. PKA inhibits myosin phosphatase, which indirectly maintains the phosphorylation and activation state of MYL4. | ||||||
Vasopressin | 11000-17-2 | sc-356188 sc-356188A | 5 mg 25 mg | $260.00 $1040.00 | 1 | |
Vasopressin activates phospholipase C (PLC), leading to the production of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 increases intracellular calcium levels, activating MLCK, which in turn phosphorylates and activates MYL4. | ||||||
Angiotensin II, Human | 4474-91-3 | sc-363643 sc-363643A sc-363643B sc-363643C | 1 mg 5 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $51.00 $100.00 $310.00 $690.00 | 3 | |
Angiotensin II activates PLC, leading to the production of IP3 and DAG. IP3 increases intracellular calcium levels, activating MLCK, which in turn phosphorylates and activates MYL4. | ||||||
Uridine-5′-triphosphate, Trisodium Salt | 19817-92-6 | sc-301964 sc-301964A | 50 mg 1 g | $88.00 $120.00 | 2 | |
UTP activates the P2Y receptor, which in turn activates PLC. The activation of PLC leads to production of IP3, which can increase intracellular calcium levels. This activates MLCK, leading to the phosphorylation and activation of MYL4. | ||||||
Adenosine 5′-Triphosphate, disodium salt | 987-65-5 | sc-202040 sc-202040A | 1 g 5 g | $39.00 $75.00 | 9 | |
ATP is another activator of the P2Y receptor, which can activate PLC. PLC activation leads to the production of IP3, which increases intracellular calcium levels. This activates MLCK, leading to the phosphorylation and activation of MYL4. | ||||||
Histamine, free base | 51-45-6 | sc-204000 sc-204000A sc-204000B | 1 g 5 g 25 g | $94.00 $283.00 $988.00 | 7 | |
Histamine activates the H1 receptor, which stimulates PLC. PLC activation leads to IP3 production, increasing intracellular calcium levels. This activates MLCK, leading to the phosphorylation and activation of MYL4. | ||||||