Esp36 Activators
Chemical activators of Esp36 function by initiating various intracellular signaling pathways that lead to Esp36 phosphorylation. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) activates protein kinase C (PKC), which then phosphorylates Esp36, resulting in its activation. Similarly, forskolin acts by directly stimulating adenylate cyclase, which boosts the levels of cAMP within the cell. The surge in cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA), which then phosphorylates and activates Esp36. Ionomycin, functioning as a calcium ionophore, raises intracellular calcium concentrations, thereby activating calmodulin-dependent kinases capable of phosphorylating Esp36. Isoproterenol operates through beta-adrenergic receptors to increase cAMP levels, subsequently activating PKA, which phosphorylates Esp36. Epinephrine, by engaging adrenergic receptors, also raises cAMP levels within the cell, leading to PKA activation and Esp36 phosphorylation.
Additional chemical activators include A23187 (Calcimycin) and N6-Benzoyladenosine. A23187 elevates intracellular calcium levels, potentially activating calcium-sensitive kinases that target Esp36. N6-Benzoyladenosine activates adenosine receptors that augment cAMP levels, leading to PKA activation and Esp36 phosphorylation. Rolipram hinders the breakdown of cAMP by inhibiting phosphodiesterase 4, which leads to sustained PKA activity and subsequent phosphorylation of Esp36. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) binds to its receptor, leading to increased cGMP levels and activation of protein kinase G (PKG), which can phosphorylate Esp36. Sildenafil and Zaprinast both work by inhibiting phosphodiesterase 5, thus increasing cGMP levels, which activates PKG, leading to Esp36 phosphorylation. Lastly, IBMX, a nonspecific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, raises levels of both cAMP and cGMP, which can activate PKA or PKG, resulting in the phosphorylation and activation of Esp36. Each of these chemicals, through their unique mechanisms, ultimately contribute to the activation of Esp36 by facilitating its phosphorylation.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $41.00 $132.00 $214.00 $500.00 $948.00 | 119 | |
Esp36 can be activated by protein kinase C (PKC) which, when activated by Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, phosphorylates target proteins. PKC-mediated phosphorylation of Esp36 leads to its functional activation. | ||||||
Ionomycin | 56092-82-1 | sc-3592 sc-3592A | 1 mg 5 mg | $78.00 $270.00 | 80 | |
As a calcium ionophore, ionomycin raises intracellular calcium levels which activate calmodulin-dependent kinases. These kinases can phosphorylate Esp36, resulting in its activation. | ||||||
Isoproterenol Hydrochloride | 51-30-9 | sc-202188 sc-202188A | 100 mg 500 mg | $28.00 $38.00 | 5 | |
Isoproterenol activates beta-adrenergic receptors leading to increased cAMP levels and subsequent activation of PKA. PKA then can target and phosphorylate Esp36, leading to its activation. | ||||||
(−)-Epinephrine | 51-43-4 | sc-205674 sc-205674A sc-205674B sc-205674C sc-205674D | 1 g 5 g 10 g 100 g 1 kg | $41.00 $104.00 $201.00 $1774.00 $16500.00 | ||
By binding to adrenergic receptors, epinephrine increases intracellular cAMP, activating PKA which may phosphorylate and thereby activate Esp36. | ||||||
A23187 | 52665-69-7 | sc-3591 sc-3591B sc-3591A sc-3591C | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg | $55.00 $131.00 $203.00 $317.00 | 23 | |
A23187 acts as a calcium ionophore, elevating intracellular calcium levels and potentially activating calcium-sensitive kinases that could phosphorylate and activate Esp36. | ||||||
Rolipram | 61413-54-5 | sc-3563 sc-3563A | 5 mg 50 mg | $77.00 $216.00 | 18 | |
Rolipram inhibits phosphodiesterase 4, preventing cAMP breakdown, leading to activation of PKA. PKA can phosphorylate Esp36, leading to its activation. | ||||||
Zaprinast (M&B 22948) | 37762-06-4 | sc-201206 sc-201206A | 25 mg 100 mg | $105.00 $250.00 | 8 | |
By inhibiting phosphodiesterase 5, zaprinast increases cGMP levels in the cell, leading to the activation of PKG, which may phosphorylate and activate Esp36. | ||||||
IBMX | 28822-58-4 | sc-201188 sc-201188B sc-201188A | 200 mg 500 mg 1 g | $260.00 $350.00 $500.00 | 34 | |
IBMX inhibits various phosphodiesterases, leading to increased levels of both cAMP and cGMP, which in turn can activate PKA or PKG. These kinases can then phosphorylate and activate Esp36. | ||||||