DUXA Activators
DUXA operate through various intracellular signaling pathways to modulate its activity. Forskolin acts directly on adenylyl cyclase to increase the levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP), a secondary messenger that is crucial for the activation of protein kinase A (PKA). Once activated, PKA can phosphorylate DUXA, leading to its activation. Similarly, IBMX and Rolipram function by inhibiting phosphodiesterases, preventing the breakdown of cAMP and thus sustaining PKA activity. PGE2 exerts its effect through G-protein coupled receptors, stimulating the production of cAMP and subsequently activating PKA, which then phosphorylates DUXA. Dibutyryl cAMP, a cAMP analog, and Sp-5,6-DCl-cBIMPS, a selective PKA activator, bypass upstream signaling and directly activate the cAMP-dependent PKA, promoting the phosphorylation and activation of DUXA.
The cAMP-PKA axis, other chemical activators of DUXA engage different cellular mechanisms. Anisomycin, by inhibiting protein synthesis, may activate stress-activated protein kinases like JNK, which could then influence the activity of DUXA through phosphorylation of associated transcription factors. Cantharidin and Okadaic Acid inhibit serine/threonine phosphatases, leading to an increase in phosphorylated proteins that might include DUXA. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) activates protein kinase C (PKC), which may phosphorylate DUXA directly or modify the phosphorylation status of proteins interacting with DUXA. Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) initiates a cascade through its receptor, leading to the activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway, which may culminate in the phosphorylation of DUXA or modification of its interacting partners. Lastly, Zaprinast promotes increased cAMP levels via phosphodiesterase inhibition, similarly facilitating the PKA-mediated activation of DUXA.
| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $76.00 $150.00 $725.00 $1385.00 $2050.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin directly activates adenylyl cyclase, thereby increasing levels of cAMP, which can lead to activation of protein kinase A (PKA). PKA can phosphorylate and thereby activate DUXA as a downstream effector in the cAMP signaling pathway. | ||||||
IBMX | 28822-58-4 | sc-201188 sc-201188B sc-201188A | 200 mg 500 mg 1 g | $159.00 $315.00 $598.00 | 34 | |
Isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) inhibits phosphodiesterases, leading to increased cAMP levels, which can enhance the PKA-mediated phosphorylation and activation of DUXA as part of the cAMP signaling cascade. | ||||||
PGE2 | 363-24-6 | sc-201225 sc-201225C sc-201225A sc-201225B | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 50 mg | $56.00 $156.00 $270.00 $665.00 | 37 | |
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) interacts with its G-protein coupled receptors, which can lead to activation of protein kinase A (PKA) through the cAMP pathway. PKA activation can result in the phosphorylation and activation of DUXA. | ||||||
Anisomycin | 22862-76-6 | sc-3524 sc-3524A | 5 mg 50 mg | $97.00 $254.00 | 36 | |
Anisomycin is a protein synthesis inhibitor that can activate stress response pathways such as the JNK pathway. Activated JNK can phosphorylate transcription factors that may enhance the transcriptional activity of DUXA. | ||||||
Cantharidin | 56-25-7 | sc-201321 sc-201321A | 25 mg 100 mg | $81.00 $260.00 | 6 | |
Cantharidin is an inhibitor of serine/threonine phosphatases, which could lead to increased phosphorylation levels of proteins within the cell, potentially including DUXA, resulting in its activation. | ||||||
Okadaic Acid | 78111-17-8 | sc-3513 sc-3513A sc-3513B | 25 µg 100 µg 1 mg | $285.00 $520.00 $1300.00 | 78 | |
Okadaic acid, a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A, can lead to an increase in phosphorylated proteins in the cell, which may include DUXA, thereby enhancing its activation. | ||||||
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $40.00 $129.00 $210.00 $490.00 $929.00 | 119 | |
PMA activates protein kinase C (PKC) which can phosphorylate various substrates. If DUXA is a substrate for PKC, or if PKC phosphorylates a protein that interacts with DUXA, this could lead to its activation. | ||||||
Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate | 60-92-4 | sc-217584 sc-217584A sc-217584B sc-217584C sc-217584D sc-217584E | 100 mg 250 mg 5 g 10 g 25 g 50 g | $114.00 $175.00 $260.00 $362.00 $617.00 $1127.00 | ||
Dibutyryl cAMP is a cell-permeable cAMP analog that activates cAMP-dependent pathways, including PKA. PKA activation could lead to phosphorylation and activation of DUXA. | ||||||
Zaprinast (M&B 22948) | 37762-06-4 | sc-201206 sc-201206A | 25 mg 100 mg | $103.00 $245.00 | 8 | |
Zaprinast inhibits phosphodiesterases, leading to increased cAMP levels, which can activate PKA. Activation of PKA could result in phosphorylation and subsequent activation of DUXA. | ||||||
Rolipram | 61413-54-5 | sc-3563 sc-3563A | 5 mg 50 mg | $75.00 $212.00 | 18 | |
Rolipram is a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), which increases intracellular cAMP levels and thereby activates PKA. PKA could then phosphorylate and activate DUXA. | ||||||