C12orf44 Activators
Chemical activators of C12orf44 can initiate a cascade of intracellular processes that lead to its functional activation. Trichostatin A, for instance, inhibits histone deacetylase, causing an increase in acetylated histones and a more accessible chromatin state, which promotes the transcription of genes involved in autophagy, including those that code for autophagy-related proteins like C12orf44. Rapamycin, by inhibiting mTOR-a key negative regulator of autophagy-sets off a chain reaction that activates autophagy and thus necessitates the engagement of C12orf44 in the formation of autophagosomes. Lithium chloride operates through a different mechanism, inhibiting inositol monophosphatase and disrupting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, which results in the induction of autophagy and subsequent activation of C12orf44. Similarly, 2-Deoxy-D-glucose causes cellular energy stress by inhibiting glycolysis, leading to the activation of AMPK and subsequently autophagy, where C12orf44 plays a role.
The second paragraph discusses additional chemicals that activate C12orf44 through various pathways. Resveratrol and salicylate can both activate AMPK, resulting in the induction of autophagy and activation of C12orf44. Spermidine contributes to autophagy by epigenetically modulating gene expression, hence involving C12orf44 in the process. Nicotinamide, by inhibiting sirtuins, leads to enhanced acetylation within the autophagy pathway, affecting proteins like C12orf44. Metformin also activates AMPK, contributing to the autophagy cascade and engaging C12orf44. Trehalose, though mTOR-independent, activates autophagy via the AMPK pathway, implicating C12orf44. Interestingly, while chloroquine is known to inhibit autophagy at later stages, it can initially induce autophagic flux, necessitating the activation of early-stage autophagy proteins like C12orf44. Lastly, curcumin activates autophagy through multiple mechanisms, including the inhibition of Akt/mTOR and activation of AMPK, engaging C12orf44 in the autophagic machinery.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trichostatin A | 58880-19-6 | sc-3511 sc-3511A sc-3511B sc-3511C sc-3511D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 50 mg | $149.00 $470.00 $620.00 $1199.00 $2090.00 | 33 | |
Trichostatin A is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that can enhance acetylation of histones, leading to an open chromatin structure and facilitating the transcription of genes involved in autophagy. Since C12orf44 is known to be part of the autophagic machinery, enhanced transcription of autophagy-related genes can upregulate the autophagic process, thus functionally activating C12orf44 as part of the complex. | ||||||
Rapamycin | 53123-88-9 | sc-3504 sc-3504A sc-3504B | 1 mg 5 mg 25 mg | $62.00 $155.00 $320.00 | 233 | |
Rapamycin specifically inhibits mTOR, a key negative regulator of autophagy. Inhibition of mTOR initiates autophagy, which necessitates the activation of autophagy-related proteins, including C12orf44, which is part of the ULK1 complex essential for autophagosome formation. | ||||||
Lithium | 7439-93-2 | sc-252954 | 50 g | $214.00 | ||
Lithium chloride inhibits inositol monophosphatase, leading to the depletion of free inositol and inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, which in turn activates autophagy. C12orf44, being a component of the autophagy initiation complex, is consequently activated to facilitate autophagosome formation. | ||||||
2-Deoxy-D-glucose | 154-17-6 | sc-202010 sc-202010A | 1 g 5 g | $65.00 $210.00 | 26 | |
2-Deoxy-D-glucose acts as a glycolytic inhibitor that leads to energy stress in cells. This energy stress activates AMPK, which then activates autophagic pathways, thereby functionally activating C12orf44 as autophagy is initiated. | ||||||
Resveratrol | 501-36-0 | sc-200808 sc-200808A sc-200808B | 100 mg 500 mg 5 g | $60.00 $185.00 $365.00 | 64 | |
Resveratrol can activate AMPK, which is an upstream activator of autophagy. Upon AMPK activation, autophagy is induced, which includes the activation of C12orf44 as a part of the autophagic machinery. | ||||||
Spermidine | 124-20-9 | sc-215900 sc-215900B sc-215900A | 1 g 25 g 5 g | $56.00 $595.00 $173.00 | ||
Spermidine induces autophagy by epigenetic modulation of gene expression related to the autophagic process. This increase in autophagic flux would necessitate the functional activation of autophagy-related proteins, including C12orf44. | ||||||
Nicotinamide | 98-92-0 | sc-208096 sc-208096A sc-208096B sc-208096C | 100 g 250 g 1 kg 5 kg | $43.00 $65.00 $200.00 $815.00 | 6 | |
Nicotinamide functions as an inhibitor of sirtuins, which are NAD+-dependent deacetylases. Inhibition of sirtuins can enhance acetylation of proteins involved in autophagy, leading to activation of the autophagic pathway and C12orf44. | ||||||
Metformin | 657-24-9 | sc-507370 | 10 mg | $77.00 | 2 | |
Metformin activates AMPK, which is a positive regulator of autophagy. Through AMPK activation, C12orf44 is functionally activated as part of the cellular autophagic response. | ||||||
D-(+)-Trehalose Anhydrous | 99-20-7 | sc-294151 sc-294151A sc-294151B | 1 g 25 g 100 g | $29.00 $164.00 $255.00 | 2 | |
Trehalose activates autophagy independent of mTOR through the AMPK pathway. With the activation of autophagy, C12orf44, a protein involved in the autophagic process, is also activated. | ||||||
Chloroquine | 54-05-7 | sc-507304 | 250 mg | $68.00 | 2 | |
Although chloroquine is known to inhibit the later stages of autophagy, it can induce the initial steps of autophagic flux. This paradoxical activation can lead to the transient functional activation of early acting autophagy-related proteins like C12orf44. | ||||||