UGP2 Activators
UGP2 activators demonstrate a specialized set of chemical interactions that indirectly amplify the functional activity of UGP2, the enzyme responsible for converting UDP-glucose into glycogen. Compounds such as Forskolin and IBMX increase intracellular cAMP, subsequently activating PKA, which may target UGP2 or its associated regulatory proteins, thereby enhancing UGP2's role in glycogen synthesis. Epinephrine and glucagon also instigate cAMP-mediated signaling, leading to PKA activation with potential effects on UGP2's enzymatic efficiency. The role of NAD+ is more subtle, as it maintains redox states conducive to enzymatic reactions, indirectly supporting UGP2's glycosyltransferase activity. Similarly, Mg2+ ions are critical for UGP2's structure and function, ensuring proper enzyme conformation and activity.
Additional activators work by modulating metabolic pathways that indirectly impact UGP2. Insulin's activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway enhances glucose uptake, a prerequisite for UGP2's glycogenic function. The presence of phosphatidic acid signals through mTOR, possibly increasing the metabolic processes that supply substrates or energy for UGP2 action. AMP, through its activation of AMPK, promotes glucose availability, indirectly supporting UGP2's role in glycogen storage. Zn2+ ensures structural integrity of UGP2, essential for its catalytic action. Pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate, as key metabolic intermediates, signal a state of cellular energy balance that may favor UGP2's involvement in glycogen biosynthesis, suggesting that UGP2 activity is tightly integrated with the cell's metabolic status and is enhanced by compounds that indicate or contribute to cellular energy abundance.
| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $76.00 $150.00 $725.00 $1385.00 $2050.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin elevates intracellular cAMP levels which can lead to the activation of protein kinase A (PKA). PKA can phosphorylate multiple substrates, potentially enhancing the activity of UGP2 by increasing its enzymatic efficiency in glycogen biosynthesis. | ||||||
IBMX | 28822-58-4 | sc-201188 sc-201188B sc-201188A | 200 mg 500 mg 1 g | $159.00 $315.00 $598.00 | 34 | |
IBMX is a nonspecific inhibitor of phosphodiesterases, leading to increased cAMP and cGMP levels in cells. This accumulation indirectly promotes PKA and PKG activation, which could enhance UGP2 activity by phosphorylation or by other regulatory mechanisms that favor its action in carbohydrate metabolism. | ||||||
(−)-Epinephrine | 51-43-4 | sc-205674 sc-205674A sc-205674B sc-205674C sc-205674D | 1 g 5 g 10 g 100 g 1 kg | $40.00 $102.00 $197.00 $1739.00 $16325.00 | ||
Epinephrine interacts with adrenergic receptors causing a cascade that elevates cAMP levels and activates PKA. The activation of PKA may enhance the activity of UGP2 by facilitating its role in glycogen synthesis. | ||||||
NAD+, Free Acid | 53-84-9 | sc-208084B sc-208084 sc-208084A sc-208084C sc-208084D sc-208084E sc-208084F | 1 g 5 g 10 g 25 g 100 g 1 kg 5 kg | $56.00 $186.00 $296.00 $655.00 $2550.00 $3500.00 $10500.00 | 4 | |
NAD+ is a cofactor for many enzymatic reactions and may indirectly enhance UGP2 activity by maintaining favorable redox states that support UGP2's role in glycosyl transfer reactions. | ||||||
Insulin | 11061-68-0 | sc-29062 sc-29062A sc-29062B | 100 mg 1 g 10 g | $153.00 $1224.00 $12239.00 | 82 | |
Insulin signaling leads to the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, which promotes glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis. This pathway could indirectly enhance UGP2 activity by increasing the availability of glucose for UGP2-mediated glycogen biosynthesis. | ||||||
L-α-Lecithin, Egg Yolk, Highly Purified | 8002-43-5 | sc-203096 | 250 mg | $78.00 | ||
Phosphatidic acid can act as a second messenger and is involved in the activation of mTOR signaling. Enhanced mTOR signaling may promote protein synthesis and other metabolic pathways that indirectly enhance the activity of UGP2. | ||||||
Adenosine phosphate(Vitamin B8) | 61-19-8 | sc-278678 sc-278678A | 50 g 100 g | $160.00 $240.00 | ||
AMP binds to AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and activates it. AMPK can increase cellular uptake of glucose and may indirectly enhance UGP2 activity by increasing the availability of substrates for glycogen synthesis. | ||||||
Zinc | 7440-66-6 | sc-213177 | 100 g | $47.00 | ||
Zinc ions are known to play a role in the structural integrity and function of many enzymes. Adequate Zn2+ levels might ensure the proper conformation and function of UGP2, indirectly enhancing its activity in glycogen biosynthesis. | ||||||
Pyruvic acid | 127-17-3 | sc-208191 sc-208191A | 25 g 100 g | $40.00 $94.00 | ||
Pyruvate, as a key intermediate in glycolysis, may indirectly influence UGP2 activity by providing glucose units that can be used for glycogen synthesis, thereby enhancing the utility of UGP2 in cellular metabolism. | ||||||
α-Ketoglutaric Acid | 328-50-7 | sc-208504 sc-208504A sc-208504B sc-208504C sc-208504D sc-208504E sc-208504F | 25 g 100 g 250 g 500 g 1 kg 5 kg 16 kg | $32.00 $42.00 $62.00 $108.00 $184.00 $724.00 $2050.00 | 2 | |
Alpha-ketoglutarate is a key component of the TCA cycle, and its abundance may signal a cellular state that indirectly promotes glycogen synthesis. This could enhance UGP2 activity by ensuring a supply of energy and carbon skeletons for glycogen production. | ||||||