TTLL2 Activators
Chemical activators of tubulin tyrosine ligase-like enzyme 2 (TTLL2) encompass a variety of molecules that initiate distinct biochemical pathways, all converging to enhance the activity of TTLL2. Zinc Chloride's role is pivotal as zinc serves as a critical cofactor, stabilizing the active site of TTLL2, which in turn facilitates the enzyme's ability to add tyrosine residues to tubulin, a process essential for microtubule function. Similarly, Copper(II) Sulfate may also support TTLL2 activity by acting as a necessary cofactor for enzymatic functions. Magnesium Chloride plays a different yet crucial role by activating TTLL2, as magnesium ions are known to be important for enzymes that require ATP hydrolysis, which is integral to TTLL2's function of adding glutamate chains to tubulin. ATP itself is indispensable for TTLL2 activity, providing the necessary energy for the enzyme's catalytic action.
Other activators function by modulating secondary messenger systems and enzymatic pathways that lead to TTLL2 activation. Forskolin raises cAMP levels that activate protein kinase A (PKA), which can then phosphorylate and enhance TTLL2 activity. Ionomycin and Thapsigargin both elevate intracellular calcium levels, albeit through different mechanisms, with the former directly increasing calcium influx, and the latter indirectly by inhibiting calcium pumps of the endoplasmic reticulum. The increased calcium activates calmodulin-dependent kinases, which may phosphorylate TTLL2. Hydrogen Peroxide acts as a reactive oxygen species, initiating signaling pathways that may lead to TTLL2 activation. Similarly, S-Nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (SNAP) releases nitric oxide, which increases cGMP levels and subsequently activates kinases that can phosphorylate TTLL2. Manganese(II) Chloride may also enhance TTLL2 activity by acting as a cofactor, while N6-Benzoyladenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (6-Bnz-cAMP), a cAMP analog, activates PKA that could then activate TTLL2, further promoting its role in post-translational modification of tubulin.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zinc | 7440-66-6 | sc-213177 | 100 g | $48.00 | ||
Zinc is known to serve as a cofactor for several enzymes. For TTLL2, which is a tubulin tyrosine ligase-like enzyme, zinc can stabilize the active site configuration, enabling the enzyme to more effectively catalyze the addition of tyrosine residues to tubulin. | ||||||
Copper(II) sulfate | 7758-98-7 | sc-211133 sc-211133A sc-211133B | 100 g 500 g 1 kg | $46.00 $122.00 $189.00 | 3 | |
Copper can act as a cofactor and is required for the activation of some enzymes. Copper binding to TTLL2 could facilitate its enzymatic activity related to post-translational modifications of target proteins, specifically tubulin. | ||||||
Magnesium chloride | 7786-30-3 | sc-255260C sc-255260B sc-255260 sc-255260A | 10 g 25 g 100 g 500 g | $28.00 $35.00 $48.00 $125.00 | 2 | |
Magnesium is essential for many enzymes, particularly those involved in ATP hydrolysis, which is a crucial part of the function of TTLL2 as it adds glutamate chains to tubulin. Magnesium ions can activate TTLL2 by supporting its ATPase activity. | ||||||
Sodium Orthovanadate | 13721-39-6 | sc-3540 sc-3540B sc-3540A | 5 g 10 g 50 g | $49.00 $57.00 $187.00 | 142 | |
As a phosphatase inhibitor, Sodium Orthovanadate can prevent the dephosphorylation of proteins, which may include members of the phosphorylation cascade that activate TTLL2, thus sustaining TTLL2 in an active state. | ||||||
Ionomycin | 56092-82-1 | sc-3592 sc-3592A | 1 mg 5 mg | $78.00 $270.00 | 80 | |
Ionomycin increases intracellular calcium concentrations, which can activate calmodulin-dependent kinases. These kinases could phosphorylate and activate TTLL2, enhancing its ability to catalyze the addition of glutamate chains to tubulin. | ||||||
Thapsigargin | 67526-95-8 | sc-24017 sc-24017A | 1 mg 5 mg | $136.00 $446.00 | 114 | |
Thapsigargin raises intracellular calcium levels indirectly. Elevated calcium can lead to the activation of calmodulin-dependent kinases that can subsequently phosphorylate and activate TTLL2. | ||||||
Hydrogen Peroxide | 7722-84-1 | sc-203336 sc-203336A sc-203336B | 100 ml 500 ml 3.8 L | $31.00 $61.00 $95.00 | 28 | |
As a reactive oxygen species, Hydrogen Peroxide can initiate signaling pathways that lead to the phosphorylation and activation of proteins. This includes activation of TTLL2 involved in post-translational tubulin modification. | ||||||
Penicillamine | 52-67-5 | sc-205795 sc-205795A | 1 g 5 g | $46.00 $96.00 | ||
SNAP releases nitric oxide which activates guanylyl cyclase, leading to increases in cGMP, which can activate protein kinases that may phosphorylate and activate TTLL2 in its role in tubulin modification. | ||||||
ADP | 58-64-0 | sc-507362 | 5 g | $54.00 | ||
ATP is directly utilized by TTLL2 in the tubulin tyrosinylation cycle, and its presence is critical for the activation of the enzyme's catalytic function. | ||||||
Manganese(II) chloride beads | 7773-01-5 | sc-252989 sc-252989A | 100 g 500 g | $19.00 $31.00 | ||
Manganese ions can act as cofactors for various enzymes, potentially including TTLL2. The presence of Mn2+ may enhance the enzymatic activity of TTLL2 by stabilizing necessary conformations or interacting with substrate molecules. | ||||||