Trav12-2 Activators
T cell receptor alpha variable 12-2 activators include a variety of chemical compounds that can influence signaling pathways directly or indirectly involved in TCR activation. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) serves as a direct activator of protein kinase C (PKC), a critical kinase in the TCR signaling cascade. Upon activation by PMA, PKC phosphorylates multiple targets within the signaling pathway, resulting in amplified TCR signaling and increased functional activity of the TCR. Ionomycin, on the other hand, raises intracellular calcium levels, which is a crucial second messenger in TCR signaling. Elevated calcium levels can enhance the activation of the TCR-mediated signaling pathway, leading to downstream cellular responses.
In addition to these direct activators, there are compounds that act on regulatory pathways to influence TCR activation. For example, Cyclosporin A inhibits calcineurin, which typically acts to dephosphorylate and activate the transcription factor NFAT. The inhibition of calcineurin can trigger compensatory cellular mechanisms that enhance TCR signaling pathways to sustain T cell activation despite the blockage of one pathway. Okadaic acid, as an inhibitor of serine/threonine phosphatases, can similarly increase the phosphorylation level of proteins that participate in TCR signaling, leading to an enhancement of TCR activity. Compounds such as Forskolin, which increases cAMP levels, can indirectly influence TCR signaling by activating PKA, which then phosphorylates and influences the activity of proteins within the TCR signaling pathway. Lastly, Zoledronic acid indirectly enhances TCR signaling in a subset of T cells by leading to theaccumulation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), an activator of gamma-delta TCRs.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $40.00 $129.00 $210.00 $490.00 $929.00 | 119 | |
PMA is a potent activator of protein kinase C (PKC), which, upon activation, can lead to increased T cell receptor signaling by enhancing the phosphorylation state of key signaling proteins downstream of TCR engagement. | ||||||
Ionomycin | 56092-82-1 | sc-3592 sc-3592A | 1 mg 5 mg | $76.00 $265.00 | 80 | |
Ionomycin is a calcium ionophore that raises intracellular calcium levels, which is an essential second messenger in TCR signaling, thus leading to enhanced activation of TCR-mediated signaling pathways. | ||||||
Cyclosporin A | 59865-13-3 | sc-3503 sc-3503-CW sc-3503A sc-3503B sc-3503C sc-3503D | 100 mg 100 mg 500 mg 10 g 25 g 100 g | $62.00 $90.00 $299.00 $475.00 $1015.00 $2099.00 | 69 | |
Cyclosporin A inhibits calcineurin, which normally dephosphorylates NFAT; its inhibition can lead to compensatory mechanisms that enhance TCR signaling to maintain T cell activation. | ||||||
Bisindolylmaleimide I (GF 109203X) | 133052-90-1 | sc-24003A sc-24003 | 1 mg 5 mg | $103.00 $237.00 | 36 | |
Bisindolylmaleimide I is a specific PKC inhibitor; paradoxically, its inhibition of certain PKC isoforms can lead to a compensatory upregulation of TCR signaling pathways in some contexts. | ||||||
U-0126 | 109511-58-2 | sc-222395 sc-222395A | 1 mg 5 mg | $63.00 $241.00 | 136 | |
U0126 is an inhibitor of MEK, which might lead to a compensatory increase in other MAPK pathways such as JNK or p38, indirectly enhancing TCR signaling. | ||||||
Okadaic Acid | 78111-17-8 | sc-3513 sc-3513A sc-3513B | 25 µg 100 µg 1 mg | $285.00 $520.00 $1300.00 | 78 | |
Okadaic acid is a potent inhibitor of serine/threonine phosphatases, and its action can lead to increased phosphorylation of proteins involved in TCR signaling, thereby enhancing TCR activity. | ||||||
Brefeldin A | 20350-15-6 | sc-200861C sc-200861 sc-200861A sc-200861B | 1 mg 5 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $30.00 $52.00 $122.00 $367.00 | 25 | |
Brefeldin A disrupts protein transport by blocking the function of the Golgi apparatus, which can enhance TCR signaling by modulating the glycosylation status of signaling molecules. | ||||||
Monensin A | 17090-79-8 | sc-362032 sc-362032A | 5 mg 25 mg | $152.00 $515.00 | ||
Monensin is an ionophore that disrupts intracellular pH and ion gradients, which can impact TCR signaling by affecting the conformation and function of signaling molecules. | ||||||
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $76.00 $150.00 $725.00 $1385.00 $2050.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin activates adenylyl cyclase, increasing cAMP levels, which can lead to the activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and indirect enhancement of TCR signaling pathways. | ||||||
Zoledronic acid, anhydrous | 118072-93-8 | sc-364663 sc-364663A | 25 mg 100 mg | $90.00 $251.00 | 5 | |
Zoledronic acid inhibits farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, leading to accumulation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), which can be recognized by gamma-delta TCRs, indirectly enhancing TCR signaling. | ||||||