Synapsin IIa Activators
Synapsin IIa activators encompass a variety of chemical classes that generally work by activating different signaling pathways that lead to the phosphorylation and activation of Synapsin IIa. Forskolin, rolipram, epinephrine, caffeine, dopamine, serotonin, and histamine work by enhancing cAMP levels, which leads to the activation of protein kinase A (PKA). PKA is a key enzyme that phosphorylates Synapsin IIa, a process that is critical for the function of Synapsin IIa in synaptic vesicle trafficking. These chemicals, therefore, enhance the activity of Synapsin IIa by increasing its phosphorylation state through the cAMP-PKA pathway.
On the other hand, glutamate, BAPTA-AM, and nicotine activate Synapsin IIa through calcium-dependent processes. Glutamate and nicotine work by triggering calcium influx into neurons, which activates calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). CaMKII is another kinase that phosphorylates Synapsin IIa, enhancing its role in synaptic vesicle release. BAPTA-AM, while being a calcium chelator, indirectly activates Synapsin IIa by preventing the calcium-dependent dephosphorylation of Synapsin IIa, thereby maintaining its active phosphorylated state. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and acetylcholine, on the other hand, activate protein kinase C (PKC), one more kinase known to phosphorylate and activate Synapsin IIa.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $78.00 $153.00 $740.00 $1413.00 $2091.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin, an activator of adenylyl cyclase, enhances cAMP levels, which can lead to the activation of protein kinase A (PKA). PKA phosphorylates Synapsin IIa, enhancing its function in synaptic vesicle trafficking. | ||||||
L-Glutamic Acid | 56-86-0 | sc-394004 sc-394004A | 10 g 100 g | $297.00 $577.00 | ||
Glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, binds to its receptor and triggers calcium influx. The rise in intracellular calcium activates calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), which phosphorylates and activates Synapsin IIa, enhancing synaptic vesicle release. | ||||||
BAPTA/AM | 126150-97-8 | sc-202488 sc-202488A | 25 mg 100 mg | $138.00 $458.00 | 61 | |
BAPTA/AM is a cell-permeable calcium chelator that upon hydrolysis by intracellular esterases, binds to calcium ions. This indirectly leads to the activation of Synapsin IIa, as it decreases the inhibitory calcium-dependent dephosphorylation of Synapsin IIa, thereby maintaining its active phosphorylated state. | ||||||
Rolipram | 61413-54-5 | sc-3563 sc-3563A | 5 mg 50 mg | $77.00 $216.00 | 18 | |
Rolipram is a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4), which breaks down cAMP. This leads to increased cAMP levels, enhancing PKA activity and subsequent phosphorylation and activation of Synapsin IIa. | ||||||
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $41.00 $132.00 $214.00 $500.00 $948.00 | 119 | |
PMA is a potent activator of protein kinase C (PKC), which phosphorylates and activates Synapsin IIa. This enhances the role of Synapsin IIa in neuronal signaling and synaptic plasticity. | ||||||
(−)-Epinephrine | 51-43-4 | sc-205674 sc-205674A sc-205674B sc-205674C sc-205674D | 1 g 5 g 10 g 100 g 1 kg | $41.00 $104.00 $201.00 $1774.00 $16500.00 | ||
Epinephrine binds to its respective adrenergic receptors, leading to the activation of adenylyl cyclase and an increase in cAMP levels. This activates PKA, which phosphorylates and activates Synapsin IIa. | ||||||
Caffeine | 58-08-2 | sc-202514 sc-202514A sc-202514B sc-202514C sc-202514D | 50 g 100 g 250 g 1 kg 5 kg | $33.00 $67.00 $97.00 $192.00 $775.00 | 13 | |
Caffeine inhibits phosphodiesterases, enzymes that break down cAMP and cGMP. This leads to an increase in cAMP levels, activating PKA to phosphorylate and activate Synapsin IIa, enhancing synaptic vesicle release. | ||||||
Dopamine | 51-61-6 | sc-507336 | 1 g | $290.00 | ||
Dopamine binds to its receptors, specifically D1-like receptors, and increases cAMP levels. This activates PKA which phosphorylates and activates Synapsin IIa, enhancing synaptic vesicle trafficking. | ||||||
3-(2-Aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol | 50-67-9 | sc-298707 | 1 g | $530.00 | 3 | |
3-(2-Aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol (Serotonin), by binding to its 5-HT4, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 receptors, activates adenylyl cyclase and increases cAMP levels. This activates PKA, which phosphorylates and activates Synapsin IIa. | ||||||
Histamine, free base | 51-45-6 | sc-204000 sc-204000A sc-204000B | 1 g 5 g 25 g | $94.00 $283.00 $988.00 | 7 | |
Histamine, through its H2 receptors, activates adenylyl cyclase leading to increased cAMP levels. This activates PKA, which phosphorylates and activates Synapsin IIa. | ||||||