proenkephalin A Activators
Proenkephalin A is an essential precursor polypeptide that gives rise to a family of opioid peptides including Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin, which play key roles in modulating various physiological processes. These peptides are endogenous ligands for opioid receptors and are crucial for the body's ability to manage stress and pain at a molecular level. The gene encoding proenkephalin A, known as the PENK gene, is subject to complex regulatory mechanisms that control its expression in response to a multitude of intracellular and extracellular signals. The regulated synthesis of proenkephalin A is a fine-tuned process, crucial for maintaining homeostasis in the face of varying environmental and physiological demands.
A diverse array of chemical compounds can upregulate the expression of proenkephalin A by interacting with different cellular pathways. For example, compounds such as forskolin work by elevating intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP), which in turn activates protein kinase A (PKA) and leads to the phosphorylation of transcription factors that stimulate PENK gene transcription. Similarly, retinoic acid and β-estradiol exert their effects by binding to their respective receptors, which then bind to specific response elements in the promoter region of the PENK gene, enhancing its transcription. Other compounds, like phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and dexamethasone, activate protein kinase C (PKC) and glucocorticoid receptors, respectively, each initiating a cascade that culminates in the upregulation of proenkephalin A synthesis. Additionally, capsaicin and nicotine demonstrate the ability to increase proenkephalin A levels by engaging sensory neuron receptors and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, leading to enhanced neuronal activity and gene transcription. Collectively, these activators showcase the intricate web of signaling pathways that converge on the expression of the PENK gene, illustrating the complexity of cellular regulation of gene expression.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $76.00 $150.00 $725.00 $1385.00 $2050.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin can upregulate proenkephalin A synthesis by stimulating adenylate cyclase, thereby elevating cAMP levels that activate protein kinase A (PKA). PKA then phosphorylates transcription factors that enhance PENK gene expression. | ||||||
Retinoic Acid, all trans | 302-79-4 | sc-200898 sc-200898A sc-200898B sc-200898C | 500 mg 5 g 10 g 100 g | $65.00 $319.00 $575.00 $998.00 | 28 | |
Retinoic acid can upregulate proenkephalin A by binding to its receptors, which interact with the PENK gene promoter's response elements, leading to increased transcription and proenkephalin A synthesis. | ||||||
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $40.00 $129.00 $210.00 $490.00 $929.00 | 119 | |
PMA can stimulate the production of proenkephalin A by activating protein kinase C (PKC), which phosphorylates transcription factors that enhance the transcriptional activity of the PENK gene. | ||||||
Dexamethasone | 50-02-2 | sc-29059 sc-29059B sc-29059A | 100 mg 1 g 5 g | $76.00 $82.00 $367.00 | 36 | |
Dexamethasone may upregulate proenkephalin A by engaging glucocorticoid receptors that interact with glucocorticoid response elements on the PENK gene, promoting transcriptional activation. | ||||||
β-Estradiol | 50-28-2 | sc-204431 sc-204431A | 500 mg 5 g | $62.00 $178.00 | 8 | |
β-Estradiol can stimulate proenkephalin A expression by interacting with estrogen receptors that bind to estrogen response elements on the PENK gene promoter, leading to increased gene transcription. | ||||||
Tetrabenazine | 58-46-8 | sc-204338 sc-204338A | 10 mg 50 mg | $165.00 $707.00 | ||
Tetrabenazine may lead to an increase in proenkephalin A synthesis due to its effects on monoamine storage, which alters neuronal activity and can enhance transcription of the PENK gene. | ||||||
Lithium | 7439-93-2 | sc-252954 | 50 g | $214.00 | ||
Lithium Chloride can stimulate the expression of proenkephalin A by activating the Wnt signaling pathway, which includes transcription factors that can enhance PENK gene activity. | ||||||
Sodium Butyrate | 156-54-7 | sc-202341 sc-202341B sc-202341A sc-202341C | 250 mg 5 g 25 g 500 g | $30.00 $46.00 $82.00 $218.00 | 19 | |
Sodium butyrate can stimulate the synthesis of proenkephalin A by inhibiting histone deacetylase, which results in a more open chromatin structure and enhanced transcriptional activity of the PENK gene. | ||||||
Levodopa | 59-92-7 | sc-205372 sc-205372A | 5 g 25 g | $53.00 $168.00 | 9 | |
Levodopa can lead to the upregulation of proenkephalin A production by serving as a dopamine precursor, which then engages dopaminergic signaling pathways that can enhance PENK gene transcription. | ||||||
Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate | 60-92-4 | sc-217584 sc-217584A sc-217584B sc-217584C sc-217584D sc-217584E | 100 mg 250 mg 5 g 10 g 25 g 50 g | $114.00 $175.00 $260.00 $362.00 $617.00 $1127.00 | ||
Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate can stimulate the synthesis of proenkephalin A by activating PKA signaling cascades, which then can initiate transcription factor activation leading to increased expression of the PENK gene. | ||||||