D4ST Activators
Dermatan sulfate 4-O-sulfotransferase (D4ST) is an enzyme integral to the biosynthesis of dermatan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan that is essential for the structural integrity and function of various tissues in the body. The expression of the D4ST enzyme is a highly regulated process, influenced by a myriad of intracellular and extracellular stimuli. These regulatory factors ensure that the enzyme is synthesized in a precise spatial and temporal manner, in accordance with the cellular demands of developing and maintaining extracellular matrix structures. Understanding the regulation of D4ST is crucial, as it plays a pivotal role in the sulfation pattern of dermatan sulfate, which in turn affects the biophysical properties of tissues, including their elasticity, resilience, and ability to interact with a range of biomolecules.
Research into the regulation of D4ST expression has identified several chemical activators that could potentially induce its production. These activators operate through diverse mechanisms to increase the transcription and subsequent translation of the D4ST gene. Compounds such as retinoic acid and vitamin D3 are known to interact with specific receptors that, upon activation, can bind to DNA response elements in gene promoters, including that of D4ST, leading to an upsurge in gene expression. Other activators, including forskolin and epigallocatechin gallate, exert their effects through signal transduction pathways, ultimately resulting in the activation of transcription factors that enhance the expression of D4ST. Moreover, histone modification plays a significant role in the regulation of gene expression, with agents like trichostatin A and sodium butyrate altering the chromatin structure, thereby making the D4ST gene more accessible for transcription machinery. These insights into the molecular regulation of D4ST through chemical activators provide a deeper understanding of the intricate network of controls that govern the synthesis of critical enzymes involved in the formation of essential biological molecules.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Retinoic Acid, all trans | 302-79-4 | sc-200898 sc-200898A sc-200898B sc-200898C | 500 mg 5 g 10 g 100 g | $65.00 $319.00 $575.00 $998.00 | 28 | |
Retinoic acid could upregulate D4ST by activating retinoid-responsive elements within the gene's promoter region, initiating transcriptional events that lead to higher enzyme expression. | ||||||
5-Azacytidine | 320-67-2 | sc-221003 | 500 mg | $280.00 | 4 | |
5-Azacytidine may stimulate D4ST transcription by the demethylation of its gene promoter, thereby alleviating epigenetic repression and allowing for gene activation. | ||||||
Trichostatin A | 58880-19-6 | sc-3511 sc-3511A sc-3511B sc-3511C sc-3511D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 50 mg | $149.00 $470.00 $620.00 $1199.00 $2090.00 | 33 | |
Trichostatin A is likely to induce D4ST expression by inhibiting histone deacetylase activity, resulting in a more relaxed chromatin structure at the D4ST gene locus, conducive to transcription. | ||||||
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $76.00 $150.00 $725.00 $1385.00 $2050.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin could enhance D4ST expression by increasing intracellular cAMP levels, which in turn activate protein kinase A, leading to the phosphorylation of transcription factors that target the D4ST gene. | ||||||
β-Estradiol | 50-28-2 | sc-204431 sc-204431A | 500 mg 5 g | $62.00 $178.00 | 8 | |
β-Estradiol might upregulate D4ST expression through estrogen receptor-mediated signaling pathways, which could promote the transcription of genes involved in extracellular matrix synthesis, including that of D4ST. | ||||||
Sodium Butyrate | 156-54-7 | sc-202341 sc-202341B sc-202341A sc-202341C | 250 mg 5 g 25 g 500 g | $30.00 $46.00 $82.00 $218.00 | 19 | |
Sodium Butyrate could elevate D4ST levels by inhibiting histone deacetylase, which leads to increased acetylation of histones near the D4ST gene and the promotion of gene transcription. | ||||||
Cholecalciferol | 67-97-0 | sc-205630 sc-205630A sc-205630B | 1 g 5 g 10 g | $70.00 $160.00 $290.00 | 2 | |
Cholecalciferol may stimulate the expression of D4ST through the activation of the vitamin D receptor, which can enhance the transcription of target genes involved in cellular differentiation and growth. | ||||||
(−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate | 989-51-5 | sc-200802 sc-200802A sc-200802B sc-200802C sc-200802D sc-200802E | 10 mg 50 mg 100 mg 500 mg 1 g 10 g | $42.00 $72.00 $124.00 $238.00 $520.00 $1234.00 | 11 | |
Epigallocatechin Gallate may increase D4ST activity by stimulating signaling pathways that lead to enhanced proliferation and matrix production, which could include upregulation of D4ST as part of a coordinated cellular response. | ||||||
Curcumin | 458-37-7 | sc-200509 sc-200509A sc-200509B sc-200509C sc-200509D sc-200509F sc-200509E | 1 g 5 g 25 g 100 g 250 g 1 kg 2.5 kg | $36.00 $68.00 $107.00 $214.00 $234.00 $862.00 $1968.00 | 47 | |
Curcumin could promote D4ST expression by stimulating transcription factors and enhancing gene transcription through its antioxidant properties and by altering the cellular redox state. | ||||||
Lithium | 7439-93-2 | sc-252954 | 50 g | $214.00 | ||
Lithium Chloride could upregulate D4ST expression by inhibiting GSK-3 activity, which may alter the phosphorylation status of transcription factors and increase D4ST gene transcription. | ||||||