CREG2 Activators
Chemical activators of CREG2 can modulate its activity through various intracellular signaling pathways. Forskolin is known to specifically activate adenylyl cyclase, leading to an increase in the intracellular levels of cAMP, a crucial secondary messenger. The elevation in cAMP levels can subsequently activate protein kinase A (PKA), which is capable of phosphorylating CREG2, thereby increasing its activity within the cell. Similarly, epinephrine engages with adrenergic receptors, which also culminate in the production of cAMP and the subsequent activation of PKA. This activation cascade provides a route for the phosphorylation and activation of CREG2. Additionally, IBMX raises the levels of cAMP and cGMP by inhibiting phosphodiesterases, enzymes responsible for their breakdown. The increased levels of these cyclic nucleotides can activate PKA or protein kinase G (PKG), which then may act on CREG2 to modify its activity.
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and Thapsigargin each activate CREG2 through different mechanism involving calcium and enzyme modulation. PMA functions by activating protein kinase C (PKC), which has a broad range of substrates and can phosphorylate CREG2 directly or indirectly. Ionomycin, by increasing intracellular calcium concentration, and thapsigargin, through inhibiting the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) leading to increased cytosolic calcium, both can result in the activation of calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMK). CaMKs are then capable of phosphorylating CREG2. Other chemicals like Calyculin A and Okadaic Acid prevent the dephosphorylation of proteins by inhibiting protein phosphatases such as PP1 and PP2A. This inhibition results in an overall increased phosphorylation state within the cell, which can affect CREG2. Anisomycin, by inhibiting protein synthesis, can activate stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) such as JNK, which may lead to the phosphorylation and activation of CREG2. Spermine and Zinc Sulfate can also influence the cellular signaling milieu. Spermine alters ion channel activity, potentially affecting the signaling pathways that phosphorylate CREG2, while zinc ions can modulate signaling protein activities that may result in the phosphorylation and activation of CREG2.
SEE ALSO...
| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IBMX | 28822-58-4 | sc-201188 sc-201188B sc-201188A | 200 mg 500 mg 1 g | $260.00 $350.00 $500.00 | 34 | |
IBMX is a nonspecific inhibitor of phosphodiesterases, which degrade cAMP and cGMP. By inhibiting these enzymes, IBMX can raise intracellular levels of cAMP and cGMP, possibly leading to activation of PKA or PKG. These kinases could phosphorylate and activate CREG2 within its cellular context. | ||||||
(−)-Epinephrine | 51-43-4 | sc-205674 sc-205674A sc-205674B sc-205674C sc-205674D | 1 g 5 g 10 g 100 g 1 kg | $41.00 $104.00 $201.00 $1774.00 $16500.00 | ||
Epinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors, triggering a cascade that results in the production of cAMP. Elevated cAMP activates PKA, which can then phosphorylate and activate CREG2. | ||||||
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $41.00 $132.00 $214.00 $500.00 $948.00 | 119 | |
PMA activates protein kinase C (PKC), which can phosphorylate a multitude of proteins. PKC-mediated phosphorylation of CREG2 or associated regulatory proteins can lead to the activation of CREG2. | ||||||
Ionomycin | 56092-82-1 | sc-3592 sc-3592A | 1 mg 5 mg | $78.00 $270.00 | 80 | |
Ionomycin is a calcium ionophore that increases intracellular calcium concentration. Elevated calcium levels can activate calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMK), which may then phosphorylate and activate CREG2. | ||||||
Thapsigargin | 67526-95-8 | sc-24017 sc-24017A | 1 mg 5 mg | $136.00 $446.00 | 114 | |
Thapsigargin inhibits the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA), leading to an increase in cytosolic calcium levels. This can activate CaMK, potentially resulting in the phosphorylation and activation of CREG2. | ||||||
Calyculin A | 101932-71-2 | sc-24000 sc-24000A | 10 µg 100 µg | $163.00 $800.00 | 59 | |
Calyculin A inhibits protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A), which normally dephosphorylate proteins, thereby maintaining phosphorylation states. Inhibition of these phosphatases can lead to an increased phosphorylation level of proteins, including CREG2, potentially increasing its activity. | ||||||
Okadaic Acid | 78111-17-8 | sc-3513 sc-3513A sc-3513B | 25 µg 100 µg 1 mg | $291.00 $530.00 $1800.00 | 78 | |
Similar to Calyculin A, Okadaic Acid inhibits PP1 and PP2A, leading to increased phosphorylation levels within the cell. This could result in enhanced phosphorylation and activation of CREG2. | ||||||
Anisomycin | 22862-76-6 | sc-3524 sc-3524A | 5 mg 50 mg | $99.00 $259.00 | 36 | |
Anisomycin is a protein synthesis inhibitor that can activate stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) pathways like JNK. Activation of these pathways may lead to phosphorylation events that can activate CREG2. | ||||||
Spermine | 71-44-3 | sc-212953A sc-212953 sc-212953B sc-212953C | 1 g 5 g 25 g 100 g | $61.00 $196.00 $277.00 $901.00 | 1 | |
Spermine can modulate the activity of various ion channels and may influence intracellular signaling pathways. This modulation can alter the cellular environment in a way that promotes the activation of kinases that can phosphorylate and activate CREG2. | ||||||
Zinc | 7440-66-6 | sc-213177 | 100 g | $48.00 | ||
Zinc ions can function as a second messenger in signal transduction and can modulate the activity of various signaling proteins. The presence of zinc can stimulate pathways that lead to the phosphorylation of CREG2, thus activating it. | ||||||