copine 5 Activators
Chemical activators of copine 5 employ a variety of cellular mechanisms to achieve its functional activation. Forskolin is known to directly stimulate adenylate cyclase, which increases cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels within cells. This elevation in cAMP leads to the activation of Protein Kinase A (PKA), which in turn can phosphorylate copine 5, leading to its activation. Similarly, the cAMP analog 8-Bromo-cAMP can permeate cell membranes and activate PKA, thereby promoting the phosphorylation and activation of copine 5. Another activator, Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), is effective in activating Protein Kinase C (PKC), a family of enzymes that phosphorylate a wide range of target proteins. Activation of PKC by PMA can also result in the phosphorylation and functional activation of copine 5.
In addition to these mechanisms, the elevation of intracellular calcium is another pathway through which copine 5 can be activated. Ionomycin and A23187 are calcium ionophores that increase intracellular calcium concentration, which can activate calcium-dependent protein kinases capable of phosphorylating copine 5. Thapsigargin contributes to the rise in cytosolic calcium levels by inhibiting the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA), which can similarly lead to the activation of copine 5 through calcium-sensitive pathways. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) activates its G-protein-coupled receptors, which can initiate signaling cascades involving downstream kinases that phosphorylate copine 5. Additionally, Okadaic Acid and Calyculin A maintain proteins in their phosphorylated state by inhibiting protein phosphatases such as PP1 and PP2A, which could result in sustained activation of copine 5 if it is subject to regulation by phosphorylation. Lastly, Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) stimulates its receptor tyrosine kinase, setting off a cascade that may include the phosphorylation and activation of copine 5. Bisindolylmaleimide I (BIM I), through its inhibition of PKC, can induce alternative pathways that might lead to copine 5 activation if there is interplay between PKC-regulated signaling and pathways that modulate copine 5 activity.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $76.00 $150.00 $725.00 $1385.00 $2050.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin directly stimulates adenylate cyclase, increasing cAMP levels within cells. Elevated cAMP activates PKA (Protein Kinase A), which can phosphorylate copine 5, leading to its functional activation as part of downstream signal transduction. | ||||||
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $40.00 $129.00 $210.00 $490.00 $929.00 | 119 | |
PMA activates Protein Kinase C (PKC), which is known to phosphorylate a wide range of target proteins. Activation of PKC can lead to phosphorylation of copine 5, hence functionally activating it as part of the PKC signaling pathway. | ||||||
Ionomycin | 56092-82-1 | sc-3592 sc-3592A | 1 mg 5 mg | $76.00 $265.00 | 80 | |
Ionomycin acts as a calcium ionophore, increasing intracellular calcium concentration. Elevated calcium levels can activate calcium-dependent protein kinases, which in turn could phosphorylate and functionally activate copine 5. | ||||||
Okadaic Acid | 78111-17-8 | sc-3513 sc-3513A sc-3513B | 25 µg 100 µg 1 mg | $285.00 $520.00 $1300.00 | 78 | |
Okadaic Acid is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A, maintaining proteins in a phosphorylated state. By inhibiting the dephosphorylation, it could maintain copine 5 in an activated state if copine 5 is regulated by phosphorylation. | ||||||
Anisomycin | 22862-76-6 | sc-3524 sc-3524A | 5 mg 50 mg | $97.00 $254.00 | 36 | |
Anisomycin activates stress-activated protein kinases, such as JNK. The JNK pathway, when activated, can lead to the phosphorylation and activation of specific proteins, potentially including copine 5 if it is a substrate of JNK or related kinases. | ||||||
Calyculin A | 101932-71-2 | sc-24000 sc-24000A sc-24000C | 10 µg 100 µg 1 mg | $160.00 $750.00 $3000.00 | 59 | |
Similar to Okadaic Acid, Calyculin A is an inhibitor of protein phosphatases. By preventing dephosphorylation, it could contribute to the functional activation of copine 5 by keeping it in a phosphorylated state. | ||||||
D-erythro-Sphingosine-1-phosphate | 26993-30-6 | sc-201383 sc-201383D sc-201383A sc-201383B sc-201383C | 1 mg 2 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg | $162.00 $316.00 $559.00 $889.00 $1693.00 | 7 | |
S1P binds to its G-protein-coupled receptors, which can activate downstream kinases potentially including those that phosphorylate and activate copine 5. | ||||||
Bisindolylmaleimide I (GF 109203X) | 133052-90-1 | sc-24003A sc-24003 | 1 mg 5 mg | $103.00 $237.00 | 36 | |
BIM I is a selective inhibitor of PKC. Its inhibition of PKC can lead to compensatory activation of alternative pathways that could result in the functional activation of copine 5 if there is cross-talk between PKC-regulated pathways and those regulating copine 5. | ||||||
Thapsigargin | 67526-95-8 | sc-24017 sc-24017A | 1 mg 5 mg | $94.00 $349.00 | 114 | |
Thapsigargin inhibits the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA), causing an increase in cytosolic calcium levels. The rise in intracellular calcium can activate calcium-dependent kinases that may phosphorylate and activate copine 5. | ||||||
A23187 | 52665-69-7 | sc-3591 sc-3591B sc-3591A sc-3591C | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg | $54.00 $128.00 $199.00 $311.00 | 23 | |
A23187, like Ionomycin, is a calcium ionophore that increases intracellular calcium levels. This elevation in calcium can functionally activate calcium-dependent kinases which, in turn, could phosphorylate and activate copine 5. | ||||||