β-defensin 42 Activators
β-Defensin 42, a crucial player in the innate immune system, serves as an antimicrobial peptide with potent implications for host defense against various pathogens. Functionally, β-defensin 42 contributes to the innate immune response by exhibiting robust antimicrobial activity, acting as a frontline defender. The activation of β-defensin 42 involves a sophisticated orchestration of cellular signaling pathways influenced by diverse chemical activators. Compounds such as retinoic acid, thiazolidinedione, sulforaphane, butyrate, genistein, resveratrol, 5-azacytidine, alpha-lipoic acid, luteolin, diallyl disulfide, EGCG, and quercetin contribute to the up-regulation of β-defensin 42 through distinct mechanisms. Retinoic acid directly activates β-defensin 42 by binding to retinoic acid receptors (RARs), leading to enhanced transcription. Thiazolidinediones stimulate β-defensin 42 through PPARγ activation, strengthening the innate immune response. Sulforaphane activates β-defensin 42 via the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway, contributing to antimicrobial defense. Butyrate acts as a histone deacetylase inhibitor, promoting an open chromatin structure and elevating β-defensin 42 expression.
Genistein indirectly activates β-defensin 42 by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt pathway, relieving FoxO3a-mediated transcriptional inhibition. Resveratrol modulates the Nrf2/ARE pathway, enhancing β-defensin 42 expression as an antioxidant. 5-Azacytidine directly activates β-defensin 42 by demethylating the promoter region, relieving epigenetic repression. Alpha-lipoic acid activates β-defensin 42 through the Nrf2/ARE pathway, contributing to antimicrobial defense. Luteolin modulates the AP-1 pathway, alleviating negative regulation on DEFB42 expression. Diallyl disulfide influences the MAPK pathway, enhancing β-defensin 42 transcription. EGCG inhibits the NF-κB pathway, leading to increased β-defensin 42 expression. Quercetin modulates the AP-1 pathway, positively regulating β-defensin 42 synthesis. The diversity in activation mechanisms underscores the complexity of innate immune responses and their implications for bolstering antimicrobial defenses. Understanding these intricacies not only sheds light on the regulation of β-defensin 42 but also opens avenues for manipulating innate immunity to enhance the host's ability to combat microbial challenges. The convergence of chemical activators highlights the intricate interplay of signaling pathways in regulating β-defensin 42, emphasizing its role as a pivotal component in the defense against microbial threats.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Retinoic Acid, all trans | 302-79-4 | sc-200898 sc-200898A sc-200898B sc-200898C | 500 mg 5 g 10 g 100 g | $65.00 $319.00 $575.00 $998.00 | 28 | |
Retinoic acid directly activates β-defensin 42 by binding to retinoic acid receptors (RARs), forming a complex that translocates to the DEFB42 promoter. This enhances transcription, resulting in increased β-defensin 42 expression. The up-regulation contributes to innate immunity, reinforcing the antimicrobial defense against various pathogens. | ||||||
2,4-Thiazolidinedione | 2295-31-0 | sc-216281 | 50 g | $177.00 | 3 | |
Thiazolidinediones stimulate β-defensin 42 through PPARγ activation. Upon binding, PPARγ forms a complex with RXR, facilitating binding to the PPRE in the DEFB42 promoter. This enhances transcription, leading to increased β-defensin 42 expression and strengthening the innate immune response against microbial challenges. | ||||||
D,L-Sulforaphane | 4478-93-7 | sc-207495A sc-207495B sc-207495C sc-207495 sc-207495E sc-207495D | 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 1 g 10 g 250 mg | $150.00 $286.00 $479.00 $1299.00 $8299.00 $915.00 | 22 | |
Sulforaphane activates β-defensin 42 via the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway. By promoting Nrf2 release from Keap1 inhibition, it facilitates Nrf2 translocation and binding to the DEFB42 promoter's ARE element. This up-regulation strengthens the antimicrobial function of β-defensin 42. | ||||||
Butyric acid | 107-92-6 | sc-214640 sc-214640A | 1 kg 10 kg | $63.00 $174.00 | ||
Butyrate stimulates β-defensin 42 as a histone deacetylase inhibitor. By inhibiting histone deacetylation, it promotes an open chromatin structure in the DEFB42 promoter region, facilitating increased transcription. This epigenetic modulation results in elevated β-defensin 42 expression, contributing to innate immunity against microbial threats. | ||||||
Genistein | 446-72-0 | sc-3515 sc-3515A sc-3515B sc-3515C sc-3515D sc-3515E sc-3515F | 100 mg 500 mg 1 g 5 g 10 g 25 g 100 g | $26.00 $92.00 $120.00 $310.00 $500.00 $908.00 $1821.00 | 46 | |
Genistein indirectly activates β-defensin 42 by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt pathway. It hinders Akt phosphorylation, relieving its inhibition on FoxO3a. This allows FoxO3a to bind to the DEFB42 promoter, promoting transcription. This indirect activation leads to increased β-defensin 42 expression, reinforcing the innate immune response against microbial challenges. | ||||||
Resveratrol | 501-36-0 | sc-200808 sc-200808A sc-200808B | 100 mg 500 mg 5 g | $60.00 $185.00 $365.00 | 64 | |
Resveratrol activates β-defensin 42 by modulating the Nrf2/ARE pathway. Acting as an antioxidant, it enhances Nrf2 translocation, promoting its binding to the ARE element in the DEFB42 promoter. This up-regulation contributes to the antimicrobial defense mechanism of β-defensin 42. | ||||||
5-Azacytidine | 320-67-2 | sc-221003 | 500 mg | $280.00 | 4 | |
5-Azacytidine directly activates β-defensin 42 by demethylating the DEFB42 promoter region. By inhibiting DNA methyltransferases, it alleviates epigenetic repression, allowing for enhanced transcription. This epigenetic modulation results in increased β-defensin 42 expression, contributing to innate immunity against microbial threats. | ||||||
α-Lipoic Acid | 1077-28-7 | sc-202032 sc-202032A sc-202032B sc-202032C sc-202032D | 5 g 10 g 250 g 500 g 1 kg | $68.00 $120.00 $208.00 $373.00 $702.00 | 3 | |
Alpha-lipoic acid activates β-defensin 42 through the Nrf2/ARE pathway. As an antioxidant, it promotes Nrf2 release from Keap1 inhibition, facilitating its translocation to the DEFB42 promoter's ARE element. This up-regulation strengthens the antimicrobial function of β-defensin 42. | ||||||
Luteolin | 491-70-3 | sc-203119 sc-203119A sc-203119B sc-203119C sc-203119D | 5 mg 50 mg 500 mg 5 g 500 g | $26.00 $50.00 $99.00 $150.00 $1887.00 | 40 | |
Luteolin stimulates β-defensin 42 by modulating the AP-1 pathway. It inhibits c-Fos and c-Jun activation, suppressing AP-1 transcriptional activity. As a consequence, the negative regulation on DEFB42 expression is alleviated, leading to increased β-defensin 42 synthesis with antimicrobial implications. | ||||||
Allyl disulfide | 2179-57-9 | sc-252359 | 25 g | $78.00 | ||
Diallyl disulfide activates β-defensin 42 by influencing the MAPK pathway. It enhances ERK1/2 phosphorylation, positively regulating AP-1, which binds to the DEFB42 promoter. This leads to increased transcription of β-defensin 42, fortifying the antimicrobial defense mechanism. | ||||||