SAS Activators
Chemical activators of the protein kinase A (PKA) can initiate a cascade of phosphorylation events that regulate various cellular functions. Forskolin, by elevating cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels, can directly activate PKA. The increased cAMP serves as a second messenger that binds to the regulatory subunits of PKA, causing a conformational change that releases the catalytic subunits. These active catalytic subunits then phosphorylate target proteins, which may include the protein kinase A.
Engagement of protein kinase C (PKC) by Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) also contributes to the phosphorylation and subsequent activation of the protein kinase A. PMA-activated PKC can phosphorylate specific serine or threonine residues on target proteins, including protein kinase A if it is within the PKC signaling pathway. Staurosporine and Bisindolylmaleimide I, under certain conditions, can also activate PKC, further enhancing the phosphorylation and activation of protein kinase A. On the other hand, Ionomycin, by raising intracellular calcium levels, can activate calcium-dependent protein kinases, which may phosphorylate and activate protein kinase A as part of the calcium-mediated signaling process. In contrast, Okadaic Acid, Calyculin A, and Lithium Chloride indirectly maintain the phosphorylation state of protein kinase A by inhibiting protein phosphatases that would otherwise dephosphorylate and deactivate it, thus ensuring its continued activity.
SEE ALSO...
| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $41.00 $132.00 $214.00 $500.00 $948.00 | 119 | |
PMA activates protein kinase C (PKC), which is known to phosphorylate specific serine or threonine residues on target proteins. Activation of PKC can lead to the activation of SAS that are substrates for PKC or are involved in PKC-regulated signaling pathways. | ||||||
Ionomycin | 56092-82-1 | sc-3592 sc-3592A | 1 mg 5 mg | $78.00 $270.00 | 80 | |
Ionomycin acts as an ionophore for calcium, increasing intracellular calcium concentrations. This can activate calcium-dependent protein kinases, such as calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMK), which may phosphorylate and activate SAS as part of calcium-mediated signaling events. | ||||||
Okadaic Acid | 78111-17-8 | sc-3513 sc-3513A sc-3513B | 25 µg 100 µg 1 mg | $291.00 $530.00 $1800.00 | 78 | |
Okadaic Acid inhibits protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A, leading to an increase in the phosphorylated state of proteins. This inhibition can maintain or enhance the phosphorylation of SAS, resulting in its activation if SAS is regulated by dephosphorylation mechanisms. | ||||||
Thapsigargin | 67526-95-8 | sc-24017 sc-24017A | 1 mg 5 mg | $136.00 $446.00 | 114 | |
Thapsigargin inhibits the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA), leading to an increase in cytosolic calcium levels, which can activate calcium-dependent signaling pathways. This sequence of events may activate SAS if it is a part of or regulated by these pathways. | ||||||
Bisindolylmaleimide I (GF 109203X) | 133052-90-1 | sc-24003A sc-24003 | 1 mg 5 mg | $105.00 $242.00 | 36 | |
Bisindolylmaleimide I is a specific inhibitor of PKC, but at certain concentrations, it can paradoxically activate PKC. Activated PKC can then phosphorylate and activate SAS if it is downstream or directly influenced by PKC activity. | ||||||
Staurosporine | 62996-74-1 | sc-3510 sc-3510A sc-3510B | 100 µg 1 mg 5 mg | $82.00 $153.00 $396.00 | 113 | |
At low concentrations, Staurosporine can activate PKC. This activation may lead to the activation of SAS through phosphorylation if SAS is a substrate or part of a pathway regulated by PKC. | ||||||
Anisomycin | 22862-76-6 | sc-3524 sc-3524A | 5 mg 50 mg | $99.00 $259.00 | 36 | |
Anisomycin activates MAP kinase pathways, leading to the phosphorylation of various proteins. Activation of MAP kinases can result in the activation of SAS if it is a downstream effector in the MAP kinase signaling cascade. | ||||||
Calyculin A | 101932-71-2 | sc-24000 sc-24000A | 10 µg 100 µg | $163.00 $800.00 | 59 | |
Calyculin A inhibits certain protein phosphatases, which leads to the accumulation of phosphorylated proteins. This can result in the activation of SAS if it is subject to regulation by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. | ||||||
Lithium | 7439-93-2 | sc-252954 | 50 g | $214.00 | ||
Lithium Chloride inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), which is involved in Wnt signaling. Inhibition of GSK-3 can lead to activation of the Wnt signaling pathway and potentially result in the activation of SAS if SAS is a component or regulated by this pathway. | ||||||
(−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate | 989-51-5 | sc-200802 sc-200802A sc-200802B sc-200802C sc-200802D sc-200802E | 10 mg 50 mg 100 mg 500 mg 1 g 10 g | $43.00 $73.00 $126.00 $243.00 $530.00 $1259.00 | 11 | |
Epigallocatechin Gallate has been shown to inhibit certain protein kinases and has the potential to activate others depending on the context. It can activate SAS through a pathway that involves kinase activation where SAS is a downstream target for phosphorylation events mediated by the activated kinases. | ||||||