PF-4 Activators
Platelet Factor 4 (PF-4) is a critical cytokine that embodies a pivotal role within the coagulation and immune response systems, serving as a linchpin in the orchestration of platelet functions and inflammatory processes. As a member of the CXC chemokine family, PF-4 is distinguished by its ability to modulate interactions between cells, particularly in the context of vascular injury and the subsequent healing processes. It is synthesized by megakaryocytes and stored in the alpha-granules of platelets, ready to be released upon platelet activation. This release is not a mere consequence of platelet activation but a vital component of the body's response to injury, facilitating coagulation, inhibiting angiogenesis, and modulating immune responses. PF-4's involvement extends to the regulation of thrombin generation, affecting the clot formation process, and influencing the behavior of various cell types, including leukocytes and endothelial cells.
The activation and function of PF-4 are intricately tied to the dynamics of platelet activation, where it serves not only as a product of activated platelets but also as a modulator of platelet activity and other cellular processes. Upon platelet activation, triggered by various stimuli such as collagen exposure, thrombin, or even artificial inducers like certain pharmacological agents, PF-4 is released into the extracellular matrix. This release marks the beginning of PF-4's multifaceted role, where it acts to regulate the activity of neighboring cells, influence the coagulation cascade, and modulate the immune response. The mechanisms of PF-4 activation are diverse, relying on a complex interplay between signaling pathways that govern platelet activation, such as the protein kinase C pathway, calcium ion fluxes, and the cyclooxygenase pathway leading to thromboxane A2 production. These pathways not only facilitate the release of PF-4 but also ensure its function is appropriately directed towards areas of need, such as sites of vascular injury or inflammation.
Items 1 to 10 of 12 total
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thrombin from human plasma | 9002-04-4 | sc-471713 | 100 U | $230.00 | ||
Thrombin, an enzyme involved in blood clotting, can stimulate platelets to release PF-4, thereby increasing its concentration in the bloodstream. | ||||||
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $76.00 $150.00 $725.00 $1385.00 $2050.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin activates adenylate cyclase, leading to an increase in cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels. Elevated cAMP enhances platelet activation and aggregation, processes in which Platelet Factor 4 (PF-4) is actively involved. Through this pathway, forskolin indirectly supports the activation of PF-4 by promoting platelet activity. | ||||||
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $40.00 $129.00 $210.00 $490.00 $929.00 | 119 | |
PMA activates protein kinase C (PKC), which plays a critical role in various cellular processes including platelet activation. PKC activation can enhance the release of PF-4 from alpha-granules within platelets. This mechanism directly contributes to the activation of PF-4 by facilitating its release and function in coagulation and inflammation. | ||||||
Ionomycin | 56092-82-1 | sc-3592 sc-3592A | 1 mg 5 mg | $76.00 $265.00 | 80 | |
Ionomycin is a calcium ionophore that increases intracellular calcium levels, a critical second messenger in platelet activation. Elevated calcium levels can trigger the secretion of PF-4 from platelet alpha-granules, directly enhancing PF-4's role in modulating coagulation and inflammatory responses. | ||||||
Adenosine-5′-Diphosphate, free acid | 58-64-0 | sc-291846 sc-291846A sc-291846B sc-291846C sc-291846D sc-291846E | 100 mg 500 mg 1 g 10 g 100 g 500 g | $77.00 $180.00 $312.00 $924.00 $4596.00 $9186.00 | 1 | |
ADP is a potent platelet activator, working through P2Y12 and P2Y1 receptors to initiate platelet aggregation and granule secretion. This process includes the release of PF-4, making ADP an indirect activator of PF-4 by promoting its secretion and function in hemostasis and thrombosis. | ||||||
(−)-Epinephrine | 51-43-4 | sc-205674 sc-205674A sc-205674B sc-205674C sc-205674D | 1 g 5 g 10 g 100 g 1 kg | $40.00 $102.00 $197.00 $1739.00 $16325.00 | ||
Epinephrine interacts with alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors on platelets, facilitating platelet aggregation and the release of PF-4 from alpha-granules. This action indirectly activates PF-4 by promoting its availability and function in vascular injury and immune response modulation. | ||||||
Arachidonic Acid (20:4, n-6) | 506-32-1 | sc-200770 sc-200770A sc-200770B | 100 mg 1 g 25 g | $90.00 $235.00 $4243.00 | 9 | |
Arachidonic acid is metabolized to produce thromboxane A2, a potent platelet aggregator and vasoconstrictor. Through this pathway, it indirectly activates PF-4 by stimulating platelet activation and the subsequent release of PF-4, emphasizing its role in coagulation and inflammation. | ||||||
Collagen IV | sc-29010 | 1 mg | $220.00 | 11 | ||
Collagen exposure during vascular injury initiates platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation. This process is essential for the release of PF-4 from platelets, thereby indirectly activating PF-4 by facilitating its role in hemostatic plug formation and tissue repair. | ||||||
A23187 | 52665-69-7 | sc-3591 sc-3591B sc-3591A sc-3591C | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg | $54.00 $128.00 $199.00 $311.00 | 23 | |
A23187 is a calcium ionophore similar to ionomycin, facilitating calcium influx into cells. This increase in intracellular calcium concentration promotes platelet activation and the release of PF-4, directly contributing to the activation of PF-4 by enhancing its secretion. | ||||||
Thapsigargin | 67526-95-8 | sc-24017 sc-24017A | 1 mg 5 mg | $94.00 $349.00 | 114 | |
Thapsigargin inhibits the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA), leading to an increase in cytosolic calcium levels. This elevation in calcium concentration promotes platelet activation and the release of PF-4, indirectly activating PF-4 by enhancing its secretion and function. | ||||||