PRB2 Activators
Chemical activators of PRB2 engage in various cellular signaling pathways to modulate its function through phosphorylation, a process that adds a phosphate group to the protein, thereby changing its activity state. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) is a potent activator of protein kinase C (PKC), which directly phosphorylates PRB2. This phosphorylation typically alters the protein's conformation, leading to its activation. On a different pathway, Forskolin raises intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels, which in turn activates protein kinase A (PKA). PKA then targets PRB2 among other substrates for phosphorylation, thereby regulating its activity. Ionomycin functions by increasing intracellular calcium concentrations, which activates calmodulin-dependent kinases (CaMK). These kinases subsequently phosphorylate PRB2, which is a common regulatory mechanism for controlling protein function in response to calcium signals.
Further modulating PRB2 activity, Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) interacts with its receptor EGFR, triggering the MAPK/ERK signaling cascade that leads to protein phosphorylation. This particular pathway is essential for the functional regulation of proteins involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, with PRB2 being one of the targets. In a similar vein, Thapsigargin disrupts calcium homeostasis by inhibiting the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA), leading to an increase in cytosolic calcium levels, which activates kinases that can phosphorylate PRB2. Arachidonic Acid, through its metabolism, produces eicosanoids that activate PKA and PKC, which then can target PRB2 for phosphorylation, modulating its activity in accordance with the cell's signaling requirements. Lastly, Phosphatidic Acid is involved in the mTOR signaling pathway, known to phosphorylate proteins, including PRB2, which is pivotal for cell growth and metabolism, leading to its activation by phosphorylation.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $40.00 $129.00 $210.00 $490.00 $929.00 | 119 | |
This compound directly activates Protein Kinase C (PKC) which is known to phosphorylate PRB2, leading to its activation. PKC-mediated phosphorylation is a well-characterized post-translational modification that results in the functional activation of target proteins. | ||||||
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $76.00 $150.00 $725.00 $1385.00 $2050.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin activates adenylyl cyclase, increasing intracellular levels of cAMP. Elevated cAMP activates PKA, which in turn can phosphorylate PRB2, leading to its functional activation. PKA is a key regulator in many signaling pathways, and its activation is a common mechanism by which proteins are functionally activated through phosphorylation. | ||||||
Ionomycin | 56092-82-1 | sc-3592 sc-3592A | 1 mg 5 mg | $76.00 $265.00 | 80 | |
Ionomycin is a calcium ionophore that increases intracellular calcium levels, which activates calmodulin-dependent kinases (CaMK). These kinases are capable of phosphorylating PRB2, which would lead to its activation. Calcium-dependent signaling pathways are crucial for the functional regulation of many proteins through phosphorylation. | ||||||
Thapsigargin | 67526-95-8 | sc-24017 sc-24017A | 1 mg 5 mg | $94.00 $349.00 | 114 | |
Thapsigargin inhibits the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA), causing an increase in cytosolic calcium levels which can activate calcium-dependent protein kinases. These kinases then can phosphorylate and activate PRB2. The disruption of calcium homeostasis and the subsequent activation of calcium-dependent signaling pathways are known to functionally activate proteins. | ||||||
Anisomycin | 22862-76-6 | sc-3524 sc-3524A | 5 mg 50 mg | $97.00 $254.00 | 36 | |
Anisomycin stimulates the JNK pathway, which includes stress-activated protein kinases that can phosphorylate PRB2, leading to its activation. JNK pathway is specifically involved in responses to stress stimuli and can lead to functional activation of target proteins involved in this response through phosphorylation. | ||||||
Arachidonic Acid (20:4, n-6) | 506-32-1 | sc-200770 sc-200770A sc-200770B | 100 mg 1 g 25 g | $90.00 $235.00 $4243.00 | 9 | |
Metabolism of Arachidonic Acid produces eicosanoids, which activate various kinases, including protein kinase A and C (PKA and PKC). These kinases can phosphorylate and activate PRB2. The metabolic pathways of arachidonic acid and its products play a substantial role in cellular signaling, including the activation of proteins through phosphorylation. | ||||||
Phosphatidic Acid, Dipalmitoyl | 169051-60-9 | sc-201057 sc-201057B sc-201057A | 100 mg 250 mg 500 mg | $104.00 $239.00 $409.00 | ||
Phosphatidic Acid is involved in the activation of mTOR signaling, which is known to phosphorylate proteins within signaling pathways that include PRB2, leading to its activation. The mTOR pathway is a central regulator of cell growth and metabolism, and its activation leads to functional activation of downstream proteins. | ||||||
A23187 | 52665-69-7 | sc-3591 sc-3591B sc-3591A sc-3591C | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg | $54.00 $128.00 $199.00 $311.00 | 23 | |
Calcium Ionophore A23187 increases intracellular calcium, activating protein kinases that can phosphorylate and activate PRB2. By directly elevating calcium levels, it triggers calcium-dependent signal transduction pathways that lead to the functional activation of proteins. | ||||||
Calyculin A | 101932-71-2 | sc-24000 sc-24000A | 10 µg 100 µg | $160.00 $750.00 | 59 | |
Calyculin A inhibits protein phosphatases such as PP1 and PP2A, leading to the sustained phosphorylation and activation of PRB2. Inhibition of these phosphatases prevents the dephosphorylation of proteins, thus maintaining them in an active state. This specific action on phosphatases translates into functional activation of proteins that are regulated by phosphorylation. | ||||||