NCAM Activators

NCAM activators display a diverse range of mechanisms that aim to upregulate the expression or functionality of NCAM. Among these, Forskolin acts by activating adenylyl cyclase, which elevates cAMP levels in the cell. Elevated cAMP can subsequently increase NCAM expression. Another pathway involves the modulation of retinoic acid receptors by Retinoic Acid, which also leads to NCAM upregulation. PKC activation by Phorbol Ester (PMA) is another route. PKC has been implicated in NCAM function, and its activation can induce NCAM-mediated cell adhesion. Similarly, signaling through the EGF receptor activated by Epidermal Growth Factor results in a boost in NCAM expression.

Norepinephrine and Dopamine work through their respective receptors to activate intracellular pathways that ultimately contribute to NCAM function or expression. Laminin, through its interaction with integrins, influences a variety of signaling events that also feed into the NCAM functional loop. Glutamate, on the other hand, stimulates NCAM expression via the NMDA receptor and calcium influx. Ethanol modifies NCAM polysialylation, thereby influencing its function. Lithium, NGF, and Estradiol act via distinct pathways: Lithium through GSK-3β signaling, NGF through TrkA receptor binding, and Estradiol through estrogen receptors.