Gγ 13 Inhibitors

Chemicals classified as Gγ 13 inhibitors exert their effects indirectly by targeting processes and signaling cascades related to the G protein complex that Gγ13 is a part of. For instance, pertussis toxin and cholera toxin modify the Gα subunits, thereby influencing the Gγ13 indirectly. These toxins enforce their effects by ADP-ribosylation, which leads to either the inhibition or constant activation of the Gα subunits, consequently altering the signaling pathways that Gγ13 participates in. Other compounds, such as mastoparan, can mimic the effects of G protein-coupled receptors, leading to an overstimulation and subsequent desensitization of G protein functions, including those involving Gγ13.

Some inhibitors, like U73122, act downstream by inhibiting enzymes like phospholipase C, which are pivotal in G protein-coupled receptor signaling, thus indirectly affecting the role of Gγ13 in these pathways. Analog compounds like GDP-beta-S and GTP-γ-S interfere with the G protein's ability to switch between active and inactive forms, thereby modulating the activity of Gγ13. Additionally, molecules like suramin and NF449 that inhibit receptor function or block Gα subunit activity also serve to modulate the pathways that include Gγ13. Gallein and synthetic peptides like M119K target the Gβγ subunit directly, which is closely associated with Gγ13, thereby affecting its function. Lastly, forskolin raises cAMP levels independently of G proteins, which can alter cellular responses where Gγ13 is normally active. These compounds, while not directly interacting with Gγ13, influence its associated signaling pathways through various mechanisms of action.