CD137 Activators

CD137 activators are a diverse class of molecules that can indirectly lead to the activation of CD137. Despite the absence of direct binders, the activation of this protein can be achieved through the modulation of various cellular processes and signaling pathways. For instance, some activators like Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can activate CD137 through the induction of NF-κB, a transcription factor critical for immune responses.

Another method to activate CD137 is through the manipulation of intracellular calcium levels. Both Ionomycin and Cyclosporin A can influence calcium signaling, potentially leading to CD137 activation. Other activators like Forskolin and Anisomycin can influence CD137 activation through their effects on cyclic AMP levels and the JNK pathway, respectively. Additionally, some activators like MG-132 and Sodium Butyrate can indirectly lead to CD137 activation by altering protein degradation or gene expression patterns. Thus, the class of CD137 activators encompasses a wide range of molecules that can indirectly lead to CD137 activation through diverse mechanisms.