ASTL Activators

Chemical activators of ASTL can influence its activity through various biochemical pathways. Calcium Ionophore A23187 and Ionomycin, for instance, increase intracellular calcium levels, which in turn can activate calcium-dependent proteases. These proteases are capable of cleaving precursor proteins, potentially leading to the direct activation of ASTL. Similarly, Thapsigargin disrupts calcium homeostasis by inhibiting SERCA, which also results in elevated cytosolic calcium concentrations, possibly triggering the same proteolytic activation mechanism for ASTL. On another front, Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and Bryostatin 1 engage with protein kinase C (PKC). Activation of PKC can lead to a cascade of phosphorylation events within the cell, culminating in the phosphorylation and consequent activation of proteins that form part of the pathway involving ASTL.

Additionally, Forskolin and Dibutyryl-cAMP elevate intracellular cAMP levels, activating cAMP-dependent protein kinases that can phosphorylate various proteins, potentially facilitating the activation of ASTL. Okadaic Acid and Calyculin A, both protein phosphatase inhibitors, indirectly contribute to the phosphorylation state of proteins by preventing dephosphorylation, creating a cellular environment that may favor the phosphorylation and activation of ASTL. S-Nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (SNAP) and Zaprinast both elevate intracellular levels of gaseous signaling molecules and cGMP, respectively. These molecules can activate their specific protein kinases, likely leading to phosphorylation events that activate ASTL. Lastly, FTY720, following its phosphorylation, serves as an agonist for sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors, which through subsequent signaling cascades, can also lead to the activation of ASTL by modulating the phosphorylation status of proteins within those pathways.