carbonyl reductase 2 Activators
Carbonyl reductase 2 (CBR2) stands as a pivotal enzyme in cellular metabolism, playing a crucial role in the reduction of carbonyl groups within various endogenous and exogenous compounds. With a broad tissue distribution, CBR2 is involved in diverse physiological processes, including drug metabolism, xenobiotic detoxification, and antioxidant defense mechanisms. Its enzymatic activity is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis by catalyzing the NADPH-dependent reduction of a wide range of carbonyl-containing substrates. This includes the transformation of aldehydes and ketones into their corresponding alcohols, contributing to the regulation of cellular redox balance and the elimination of potentially harmful reactive carbonyl species.
The activation of CBR2 involves intricate regulatory mechanisms orchestrated by various signaling pathways and transcriptional events. While several direct activators stimulate CBR2 expression by binding to specific nuclear receptors, indirect activators modulate upstream signaling cascades that influence CBR2 transcription. The activation of nuclear receptors, such as CAR, PXR, and PPARγ, represents a direct mechanism. Ligands for these receptors, including Phenobarbital, Rifampicin, and Troglitazone, respectively, induce conformational changes in the receptors, allowing them to translocate to the nucleus and bind to response elements in the CBR2 promoter. This, in turn, enhances CBR2 transcription, promoting its role in drug metabolism and lipid homeostasis. On the other hand, indirect activators, like Resveratrol, Sulforaphane, and 9-cis-Retinoic Acid, modulate CBR2 expression through pathways like Nrf2 and RXRα. These compounds influence the activity of transcription factors that bind to response elements in the CBR2 promoter, connecting CBR2 activation to cellular responses against oxidative stress and retinoid metabolism. The sophisticated interplay of direct and indirect activation mechanisms highlights the versatility of CBR2 in responding to diverse cellular signals and underscores its importance in maintaining cellular function and integrity.
SEE ALSO...
| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Resveratrol | 501-36-0 | sc-200808 sc-200808A sc-200808B | 100 mg 500 mg 5 g | $80.00 $220.00 $460.00 | 64 | |
Resveratrol indirectly stimulates CBR2 by activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. Upon activation, Nrf2 translocates to the nucleus and binds to antioxidant response elements in the CBR2 promoter, promoting its transcription. Elevated CBR2 levels enhance cellular antioxidant defense, linking its activation to Nrf2-mediated responses against oxidative stress. | ||||||
Rifampicin | 13292-46-1 | sc-200910 sc-200910A sc-200910B sc-200910C | 1 g 5 g 100 g 250 g | $97.00 $328.00 $676.00 $1467.00 | 6 | |
Rifampicin activates CBR2 through the pregnane X receptor (PXR) pathway. PXR, upon ligand binding, translocates to the nucleus and binds to the CBR2 promoter, enhancing its transcription. This results in increased CBR2 expression, contributing to drug metabolism and detoxification processes. | ||||||
Curcumin | 458-37-7 | sc-200509 sc-200509A sc-200509B sc-200509C sc-200509D sc-200509F sc-200509E | 1 g 5 g 25 g 100 g 250 g 1 kg 2.5 kg | $37.00 $69.00 $109.00 $218.00 $239.00 $879.00 $1968.00 | 47 | |
Curcumin indirectly upregulates CBR2 by modulating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway. AhR activation leads to its translocation to the nucleus, where it binds to the CBR2 promoter region, promoting its transcription. Enhanced CBR2 levels support cellular detoxification processes, illustrating its role in xenobiotic metabolism influenced by the AhR pathway. | ||||||
Troglitazone | 97322-87-7 | sc-200904 sc-200904B sc-200904A | 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg | $110.00 $204.00 $435.00 | 9 | |
Troglitazone stimulates CBR2 expression through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activation. PPARγ, upon ligand binding, forms a complex with retinoid X receptor (RXR) and binds to PPAR response elements in the CBR2 promoter, enhancing its transcription. Elevated CBR2 levels contribute to lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity regulated by the PPARγ pathway. | ||||||
D,L-Sulforaphane | 4478-93-7 | sc-207495A sc-207495B sc-207495C sc-207495 sc-207495E sc-207495D | 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 1 g 10 g 250 mg | $153.00 $292.00 $489.00 $1325.00 $8465.00 $933.00 | 22 | |
Sulforaphane indirectly enhances CBR2 expression through the activation of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)/Nrf2 pathway. Sulforaphane disrupts the Keap1-Nrf2 complex, allowing Nrf2 to translocate to the nucleus and bind to antioxidant response elements in the CBR2 promoter, promoting its transcription. This links CBR2 activation to cellular responses against oxidative stress governed by the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. | ||||||
9-cis-Retinoic acid | 5300-03-8 | sc-205589 sc-205589B sc-205589C sc-205589D sc-205589A | 1 mg 25 mg 250 mg 500 mg 5 mg | $71.00 $424.00 $3121.00 $5722.00 $148.00 | 10 | |
9-cis-Retinoic Acid stimulates CBR2 expression by activating the retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα) pathway. RXRα forms heterodimers with other nuclear receptors and binds to retinoic acid response elements in the CBR2 promoter, enhancing its transcription. Increased CBR2 levels contribute to retinoid metabolism and cellular processes influenced by the RXRα pathway. | ||||||
Indomethacin | 53-86-1 | sc-200503 sc-200503A | 1 g 5 g | $29.00 $38.00 | 18 | |
Indomethacin stimulates CBR2 expression through the activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. Indomethacin inhibits the activity of IkappaB kinase (IKK), leading to the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, which binds to NF-κB response elements in the CBR2 promoter, enhancing its transcription. Increased CBR2 levels contribute to inflammation modulation and cellular responses governed by the NF-κB pathway. | ||||||
Naringenin | 480-41-1 | sc-219338 | 25 g | $245.00 | 11 | |
Naringenin indirectly enhances CBR2 expression by activating the pregnane X receptor (PXR) pathway. Naringenin, a flavonoid, acts as a ligand for PXR, leading to its translocation to the nucleus and binding to PXR response elements in the CBR2 promoter, promoting its transcription. Elevated CBR2 levels contribute to xenobiotic metabolism and drug detoxification processes influenced by the PXR pathway. | ||||||
Oltipraz | 64224-21-1 | sc-205777 sc-205777A | 500 mg 1 g | $286.00 $622.00 | ||
Oltipraz indirectly upregulates CBR2 by modulating the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. Oltipraz disrupts the Keap1-Nrf2 complex, allowing Nrf2 to translocate to the nucleus and bind to antioxidant response elements in the CBR2 promoter, promoting its transcription. Enhanced CBR2 levels link to cellular responses against oxidative stress governed by the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. | ||||||
Retinoic Acid, all trans | 302-79-4 | sc-200898 sc-200898A sc-200898B sc-200898C | 500 mg 5 g 10 g 100 g | $66.00 $325.00 $587.00 $1018.00 | 28 | |
Retinoic Acid, all trans stimulates CBR2 expression by activating the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) pathway. Tretinoin binds to RARα, forming a complex with RXR and binding to retinoic acid response elements in the CBR2 promoter, enhancing its transcription. Increased CBR2 levels contribute to retinoid metabolism and cellular processes influenced by the RARα pathway. | ||||||