GalNAc-T2 Activators
GalNAc-T2 activators consist of an array of chemical compounds that directly or indirectly bolster the glycosylation actions of the enzyme GalNAc-T2, crucial for mucin-type O-glycosylation. Central to this process is Uridine diphosphate (UDP), which supplies UDP-GalNAc, effectively serving as the direct substrate for GalNAc-T2, thus enhancing its glycosyltransferase activity. Manganese(II) chloride and calcium chloride act as essential cofactors, with the former binding to the enzyme's active site to stabilize its structure and improve efficiency, and the latter potentially altering enzyme and substrate conformations to facilitate GalNAc transfer. N-Acetylgalactosamine directly provides the monosaccharide unit for transfer.
Supporting the enzymatic action from a more systemic level, S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) are key in the biosynthesis of the sugar nucleotide UDP-GalNAc, thereby indirectly sustaining the enzyme's glycosylation potential. Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) contributes to the generation of necessary nucleotide precursors, and magnesium chloride stabilizes the structure of these nucleotides. Beta-D-Glucuronic acid is involved in the biosynthesis pathway leading to UDP-GalNAc production, thus supporting GalNAc-T2's substrate availability. Biotin indirectly boosts the cellular pool of acetyl-CoA, a precursor in the synthesis of GalNAc, and fumarate, through its role in the citric acid cycle, ensures a steady supply of metabolites essential for the synthesis of UDP-GalNAc. Collectively, these activators work in concert to enhance the functional activity of GalNAc-T2, optimizing the glycosylation process crucial for the post-translational modification of proteins.
SEE ALSO...
| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Uridine 5′-diphosphate sodium salt | 21931-53-3 | sc-222401 sc-222401A | 25 mg 100 mg | $38.00 $79.00 | ||
UDP is a glycosyl donor for glycosyltransferases, including GalNAc-T2. By providing UDP-GalNAc, the necessary substrate for O-glycosylation, UDP directly enhances the enzymatic activity of GalNAc-T2, facilitating post-translational modifications. | ||||||
Manganese(II) chloride beads | 7773-01-5 | sc-252989 sc-252989A | 100 g 500 g | $19.00 $31.00 | ||
Manganese ions serve as essential cofactors for the GalNAc-T2 enzyme. By binding to the active site, Mn2+ stabilizes the enzyme structure and enhances its activity in catalyzing the transfer of N-acetylgalactosamine onto serine and threonine residues. | ||||||
N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine | 1811-31-0 | sc-221979 sc-221979A sc-221979C sc-221979B sc-221979D | 10 mg 100 mg 1 g 5 g 50 g | $51.00 $77.00 $267.00 $1040.00 $1326.00 | ||
As the specific monosaccharide donor for GalNAc-T2, the availability of N-Acetylgalactosamine directly contributes to the enzyme's functional activity, enhancing its role in mucin-type O-glycosylation. | ||||||
Calcium chloride anhydrous | 10043-52-4 | sc-207392 sc-207392A | 100 g 500 g | $66.00 $262.00 | 1 | |
Calcium ions are known to affect the activity of various enzymes. For GalNAc-T2, Ca2+ may enhance its O-glycosylation activity by altering the enzyme or substrate conformation, facilitating more efficient transfer of GalNAc to target proteins. | ||||||
Ademetionine | 29908-03-0 | sc-278677 sc-278677A | 100 mg 1 g | $184.00 $668.00 | 2 | |
SAM may indirectly enhance GalNAc-T2 activity by serving as a methyl donor in the biosynthesis of sugar nucleotides like UDP-GalNAc, thereby increasing the substrate availability for the enzymatic action of GalNAc-T2. | ||||||
β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate | 53-59-8 | sc-215560 sc-215560A | 100 mg 250 mg | $182.00 $319.00 | ||
NADP+ is essential for the biosynthesis of UDP-GalNAc via the hexosamine pathway. Its presence ensures the regeneration of UDP-GalNAc from UTP and GalNAc-1-phosphate, indirectly enhancing the functional activity of GalNAc-T2. | ||||||
Thiamine pyrophosphate | 154-87-0 | sc-215966 sc-215966A sc-215966B sc-215966C | 1 g 5 g 25 g 100 g | $33.00 $97.00 $290.00 $1149.00 | 1 | |
TPP is a cofactor for transketolase in the pentose phosphate pathway, which generates ribose-5-phosphate used in the synthesis of nucleotides including UTP, a precursor for UDP-GalNAc, thus indirectly supporting GalNAc-T2 activity. | ||||||
Magnesium chloride | 7786-30-3 | sc-255260C sc-255260B sc-255260 sc-255260A | 10 g 25 g 100 g 500 g | $28.00 $35.00 $48.00 $125.00 | 2 | |
Magnesium ions are crucial for the structure and activity of many enzymes. They may indirectly enhance GalNAc-T2 activity by stabilizing the structure of nucleotide sugars like UDP-GalNAc, improving the efficiency of glycosyl transfer. | ||||||
D-(+)-Biotin | 58-85-5 | sc-204706 sc-204706A sc-204706B | 1 g 5 g 25 g | $41.00 $107.00 $333.00 | 1 | |
Biotin serves as a cofactor for carboxylases involved in fatty acid synthesis. Its indirect effect on cellular metabolism may increase the pool of acetyl-CoA, which is necessary for the synthesis of GalNAc, the substrate for GalNAc-T2. | ||||||
Fumaric acid | 110-17-8 | sc-250031 sc-250031A sc-250031B sc-250031C | 25 g 100 g 500 g 2.5 kg | $43.00 $57.00 $114.00 $228.00 | ||
Fumarate is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which could affect the levels of metabolites necessary for the synthesis of UDP-GalNAc. An adequate supply of fumarate indirectly supports the activity of GalNAc-T2. | ||||||