CD32 Activators
CD32, also known as Fc gamma receptor II (FcγRII), is a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. It is primarily expressed on various immune cells, including B cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. CD32 plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses by binding to the Fc portion of immunoglobulins, particularly IgG antibodies, and mediating downstream signaling events. Its function is diverse and context-dependent, contributing to both immune activation and immune regulation. Upon ligand binding, CD32 can elicit various cellular responses, including phagocytosis, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), cytokine production, and modulation of immune cell activation thresholds. Additionally, CD32 is involved in immune complex clearance and antigen presentation, thereby influencing both innate and adaptive immune responses.
The activation of CD32 is mediated through the engagement of its extracellular domain with the Fc portion of IgG antibodies. This interaction triggers intracellular signaling cascades via its cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) or immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs), depending on the isoform and cell type. For activating isoforms, such as CD32A and CD32C, ITAMs recruit protein tyrosine kinases such as Lyn, Syk, and Fyn upon receptor clustering, leading to phosphorylation events that propagate downstream signaling pathways involved in immune cell activation. Conversely, inhibitory isoforms, such as CD32B, contain ITIMs that recruit protein tyrosine phosphatases upon ligand binding, resulting in the inhibition of immune cell activation and attenuation of inflammatory responses. Thus, the activation of CD32 is tightly regulated and influences immune cell behavior and function in both health and disease contexts.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $76.00 $150.00 $725.00 $1385.00 $2050.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin activates adenylyl cyclase, leading to increased cAMP levels. Elevated cAMP can enhance protein kinase A (PKA) activity, which might positively modulate signaling pathways associated with CD32, potentially enhancing its activation. | ||||||
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $40.00 $129.00 $210.00 $490.00 $929.00 | 119 | |
PMA is an activator of protein kinase C (PKC). PKC plays a role in various signaling pathways and could indirectly enhance CD32 signaling by modulating kinases and phosphatases that affect CD32's phosphorylation state and signaling efficacy. | ||||||
Ionomycin | 56092-82-1 | sc-3592 sc-3592A | 1 mg 5 mg | $76.00 $265.00 | 80 | |
Ionomycin is a calcium ionophore, raising intracellular calcium levels. Elevated calcium can activate various kinases and signaling molecules that might enhance CD32 signaling, particularly in immune cells where calcium signaling is crucial. | ||||||
Okadaic Acid | 78111-17-8 | sc-3513 sc-3513A sc-3513B | 25 µg 100 µg 1 mg | $285.00 $520.00 $1300.00 | 78 | |
Okadaic acid is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A. By inhibiting these phosphatases, it could hypothetically enhance the phosphorylation and activation of signaling molecules downstream of CD32, indirectly enhancing its signaling. | ||||||
Brefeldin A | 20350-15-6 | sc-200861C sc-200861 sc-200861A sc-200861B | 1 mg 5 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $30.00 $52.00 $122.00 $367.00 | 25 | |
Brefeldin A disrupts protein transport by inhibiting ADP-ribosylation factor. This disruption can lead to cellular stress responses that might, in turn, enhance signaling pathways associated with CD32, potentially amplifying its activation. | ||||||
Anisomycin | 22862-76-6 | sc-3524 sc-3524A | 5 mg 50 mg | $97.00 $254.00 | 36 | |
Anisomycin is a protein synthesis inhibitor that can activate stress-activated protein kinases. This activation might influence signaling pathways linked to CD32, potentially enhancing its activation. | ||||||
Sodium Orthovanadate | 13721-39-6 | sc-3540 sc-3540B sc-3540A | 5 g 10 g 50 g | $45.00 $56.00 $183.00 | 142 | |
Sodium orthovanadate is a general inhibitor of tyrosine phosphatases. By inhibiting these phosphatases, it might enhance tyrosine phosphorylation within CD32 signaling pathways, indirectly promoting CD32 activation. | ||||||
Calyculin A | 101932-71-2 | sc-24000 sc-24000A sc-24000B sc-24000C | 10 µg 100 µg 500 µg 1 mg | $160.00 $750.00 $1400.00 $3000.00 | 59 | |
Calyculin A is an inhibitor of protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A. Its action can lead to increased phosphorylation within cellular signaling pathways, which might include pathways involved in CD32 signaling, potentially enhancing its activation. | ||||||
Zinc | 7440-66-6 | sc-213177 | 100 g | $47.00 | ||
Zinc ions can act as a second messenger in various signaling pathways. The presence of zinc might modulate kinase and phosphatase activities, potentially affecting signaling pathways associated with CD32 and enhancing its activation. | ||||||
(−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate | 989-51-5 | sc-200802 sc-200802A sc-200802B sc-200802C sc-200802D sc-200802E | 10 mg 50 mg 100 mg 500 mg 1 g 10 g | $42.00 $72.00 $124.00 $238.00 $520.00 $1234.00 | 11 | |
EGCG, a major component of green tea, has various biological effects, including modulation of kinase activity. It might influence signaling pathways associated with CD32, potentially enhancing its activation. | ||||||