C9orf71 Activators

Forskolin, a well-known adenylate cyclase activator, raises intracellular levels of cAMP, which leads to protein kinase A (PKA) activation. PKA, in turn, phosphorylates various substrates that could include C9orf71 or proteins that modulate its function. Ionomycin, a calcium ionophore, increases intracellular calcium levels, activating calcium-dependent kinases that may also have a role in the regulation of C9orf71 activity. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) activates protein kinase C (PKC), which is known to phosphorylate a wide range of target proteins, potentially affecting those involved in C9orf71's regulation. Inhibitors like U0126 and PD98059, which target the MEK1/2 and MEK enzymes respectively, could lead to compensatory cellular responses that indirectly modulate the activity of C9orf71. Similarly, LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, may lead to alterations in the PI3K/AKT pathway, which is a well-established signaling cascade that has extensive involvement in cellular regulation and could impact C9orf71.

Additionally, chemical agents such as 5-Azacytidine and Trichostatin A, which modulate gene expression by affecting DNA methylation and histone deacetylation respectively, could lead to changes in the expression patterns of genes related to C9orf71 or its regulatory proteins. Aurora kinase inhibitors, represented by ZM-447439, may alter cell cycle progression and impact signaling pathways involving C9orf71. Thapsigargin, by inhibiting the SERCA pump, raises cytosolic calcium levels, which could influence various calcium-dependent signaling pathways and potentially lead to the activation of C9orf71.