β-defensin 9 Activators
β-Defensin 9 emerges as a critical player in the intricate landscape of innate immunity, serving as a potent antimicrobial peptide essential for the host's defense against diverse pathogens. The primary function of β-defensin 9 lies in bolstering the innate immune response, acting as a frontline defender to combat microbial challenges effectively. Activation of β-defensin 9 involves a sophisticated interplay of cellular signaling pathways influenced by a variety of chemical activators. Compounds such as retinoic acid, thiazolidinedione, sulforaphane, butyrate, genistein, resveratrol, 5-azacytidine, alpha-lipoic acid, luteolin, diallyl disulfide, EGCG, and quercetin contribute to the up-regulation of β-defensin 9 through distinct mechanisms. Retinoic acid directly activates β-defensin 9 by binding to retinoic acid receptors (RARs), leading to enhanced transcription. Thiazolidinediones stimulate β-defensin 9 through PPARγ activation, reinforcing the innate immune response. Sulforaphane activates β-defensin 9 via the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway, contributing to antimicrobial defense. Butyrate acts as a histone deacetylase inhibitor, promoting an open chromatin structure and elevating β-defensin 9 expression.
Genistein indirectly activates β-defensin 9 by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt pathway, relieving FoxO3a-mediated transcriptional inhibition. Resveratrol modulates the Nrf2/ARE pathway, enhancing β-defensin 9 expression as an antioxidant. 5-Azacytidine directly activates β-defensin 9 by demethylating the promoter region, relieving epigenetic repression. Alpha-lipoic acid activates β-defensin 9 through the Nrf2/ARE pathway, reinforcing the host's antimicrobial defense. Luteolin and quercetin stimulate β-defensin 9 by modulating the AP-1 pathway, alleviating negative regulation on DEFB9 transcription. Diallyl disulfide influences the MAPK pathway, positively regulating AP-1 and enhancing β-defensin 9 expression. EGCG inhibits the NF-κB pathway, preventing its nuclear translocation and down-regulating DEFB9 suppression. The collective action of these chemical activators highlights the complexity of β-defensin 9 activation, showcasing its pivotal role in orchestrating a potent innate immune response against microbial threats. The integration of multiple pathways and regulatory elements emphasizes the importance of β-defensin 9 as a versatile and crucial component of the host's defense mechanisms.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Retinoic Acid, all trans | 302-79-4 | sc-200898 sc-200898A sc-200898B sc-200898C | 500 mg 5 g 10 g 100 g | $65.00 $319.00 $575.00 $998.00 | 28 | |
Retinoic acid directly activates β-defensin 9 by binding to retinoic acid receptors (RARs), forming a complex that translocates to the DEFB9 promoter. This enhances transcription, resulting in increased β-defensin 9 expression. The up-regulation contributes to innate immunity, reinforcing the antimicrobial defense against various pathogens. | ||||||
2,4-Thiazolidinedione | 2295-31-0 | sc-216281 | 50 g | $177.00 | 3 | |
Thiazolidinediones stimulate β-defensin 9 through PPARγ activation. Upon binding, PPARγ forms a complex with RXR, facilitating binding to the PPRE in the DEFB9 promoter. This enhances transcription, leading to increased β-defensin 9 expression and strengthening the innate immune response against microbial challenges. | ||||||
D,L-Sulforaphane | 4478-93-7 | sc-207495A sc-207495B sc-207495C sc-207495 sc-207495E sc-207495D | 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 1 g 10 g 250 mg | $150.00 $286.00 $479.00 $1299.00 $8299.00 $915.00 | 22 | |
Sulforaphane activates β-defensin 9 via the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway. By promoting Nrf2 release from Keap1 inhibition, it facilitates Nrf2 translocation and binding to the DEFB9 promoter's ARE element. This up-regulation strengthens the antimicrobial function of β-defensin 9. | ||||||
Butyric acid | 107-92-6 | sc-214640 sc-214640A | 1 kg 10 kg | $63.00 $174.00 | ||
Butyrate stimulates β-defensin 9 as a histone deacetylase inhibitor. By inhibiting histone deacetylation, it promotes an open chromatin structure in the DEFB9 promoter region, facilitating increased transcription. This epigenetic modulation results in elevated β-defensin 9 expression, contributing to innate immunity against microbial threats. | ||||||
Genistein | 446-72-0 | sc-3515 sc-3515A sc-3515B sc-3515C sc-3515D sc-3515E sc-3515F | 100 mg 500 mg 1 g 5 g 10 g 25 g 100 g | $26.00 $92.00 $120.00 $310.00 $500.00 $908.00 $1821.00 | 46 | |
Genistein indirectly activates β-defensin 9 by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt pathway. It hinders Akt phosphorylation, relieving its inhibition on FoxO3a. This allows FoxO3a to bind to the DEFB9 promoter, promoting transcription. This indirect activation leads to increased β-defensin 9 expression, reinforcing the innate immune response against microbial challenges. | ||||||
Resveratrol | 501-36-0 | sc-200808 sc-200808A sc-200808B | 100 mg 500 mg 5 g | $60.00 $185.00 $365.00 | 64 | |
Resveratrol activates β-defensin 9 by modulating the Nrf2/ARE pathway. Acting as an antioxidant, it enhances Nrf2 translocation, promoting its binding to the ARE element in the DEFB9 promoter. This up-regulation contributes to the antimicrobial defense mechanism of β-defensin 9. | ||||||
5-Azacytidine | 320-67-2 | sc-221003 | 500 mg | $280.00 | 4 | |
5-Azacytidine directly activates β-defensin 9 by demethylating the DEFB9 promoter region. By inhibiting DNA methyltransferases, it alleviates epigenetic repression, allowing for enhanced transcription. This epigenetic modulation results in increased β-defensin 9 expression, contributing to innate immunity against microbial threats. | ||||||
α-Lipoic Acid | 1077-28-7 | sc-202032 sc-202032A sc-202032B sc-202032C sc-202032D | 5 g 10 g 250 g 500 g 1 kg | $68.00 $120.00 $208.00 $373.00 $702.00 | 3 | |
Alpha-lipoic acid activates β-defensin 9 through the Nrf2/ARE pathway. As an antioxidant, it promotes Nrf2 release from Keap1 inhibition, facilitating its translocation to the DEFB9 promoter's ARE element. This up-regulation strengthens the antimicrobial defense. | ||||||
Luteolin | 491-70-3 | sc-203119 sc-203119A sc-203119B sc-203119C sc-203119D | 5 mg 50 mg 500 mg 5 g 500 g | $26.00 $50.00 $99.00 $150.00 $1887.00 | 40 | |
Luteolin stimulates β-defensin 9 by modulating the AP-1 pathway. It inhibits c-Fos and c-Jun activation, suppressing AP-1 transcriptional activity. As a consequence, the negative regulation on DEFB9 expression is alleviated, leading to increased β-defensin 9 synthesis with antimicrobial implications. | ||||||
Allyl disulfide | 2179-57-9 | sc-252359 | 25 g | $78.00 | ||
Diallyl disulfide activates β-defensin 9 by influencing the MAPK pathway. It enhances ERK1/2 phosphorylation, positively regulating AP-1, which binds to the DEFB9 promoter. This leads to increased transcription of β-defensin 9, fortifying the antimicrobial defense mechanism. | ||||||