A-431 + PMA nuclear extract: sc-2123

The A-431 + PMA nuclear extract originates from A-431 cells, a well-established human epidermoid carcinoma cell line, which have been treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). PMA is known for its role as a potent activator of protein kinase C (PKC), a family of enzymes that play critical roles in various cellular functions including cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. By treating A-431 cells with PMA, researchers can induce specific signaling pathways that lead to alterations in nuclear activities, particularly influencing transcription factors and other nuclear regulatory proteins. This nuclear extract provides a concentrated source of nuclear proteins under the influence of PKC activation, allowing researchers to study the direct effects of PKC-mediated cellular signaling on the nuclear landscape. This form of nuclear extract is invaluable for investigations into how PKC signaling impacts gene expression regulation within carcinoma cells. In research, the A-431 + PMA nuclear extract is primarily used to explore the dynamics of nuclear response to external signaling molecules, helping to explain the complex interactions between signal transduction pathways and nuclear mechanisms that govern cellular behavior. Such studies contribute to a deeper understanding of the molecular underpinnings of cell regulation and the specific pathways that are activated in response to external stimuli.