1-Methoxy-4-phenylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate (CAS 63123-42-2)

1-Methoxy-4-phenylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate (MPP+) is a chemical compound that has attracted substantial attention due to its selective damaging effect on dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra. 1-Methoxy-4-phenylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate operates by inhibiting complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, triggering oxidative stress and consequently, cell death. This has made it useful in assessing potential interventions such as antioxidants, mitochondrial protectants, and dopaminergic agonists. 1-Methoxy-4-phenylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate is transported into dopaminergic neurons via the dopamine transporter, where it amasses in the mitochondria. Within the mitochondria, 1-Methoxy-4-phenylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate inhibition of the electron transport chain leads to a reduction in ATP production and increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ensuing oxidative stress contributes to the damage and ultimate death of dopaminergic neurons.