Synephrine Hydrochloride (CAS 5985-28-4)

Synephrine Hydrochloride is an alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist (alpha1A-AR).Synephrine (0.1-30 muM) displays potent vasoconstrictive effects on isolated rat aorta in a dose dependent manner, which can be significantly inhibited by pretreatment with prazosin, BRL15572, and ketanserin but not by pretreatment with SB216641 and propranolol, indicating that Synephrine exerts the constrictive effects via adrenergic alpha(1)-receptors, serotonergic 5-HT(1D) receptors, and 5-HT(2A) receptors. Although the Ki values of Synephrine, 1R,2S-norephedrine, and beta-phenethylamine are same for all three subtypes, only Synephrine is a partial agonist of alpha1A-AR subtype stably expressed in HEK 293 cells with EC50 of 4 muM, giving a maximal response at 100 muM that is equal to 55.3 % of the L-phenylephrine maximum. Functional studies on the alpha2A- and alpha2C-AR subtypes stably expressed in CHO cells indicate that Synephrine may act as an antagonist rather than an agonist of the pre-synaptic alpha(2A)- and alpha(2C)-AR subtypes present in nerve terminals, although antagonist activity of synephrine is lower than its partial agonist potency. Synephrine (~100 muM) treatment increases basal glucose consumption up to 50% over the control in a dose-dependent manner, without affecting the viability of L6 skeletal muscle cells. Synephrine significantly stimulates the basal- or insulin-stimulated lactic acid production as well as glucose consumption. Synephrine treatment stimulates the phosphorylation of AMPK but not Akt, and Synephrine-induced glucose consumption and the translocation of Glut4 from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane are sensitive to the inhibition of AMPK but not to the inhibition of PI3 kinase.