TFIIA Activators
TFIIA activators encompass a spectrum of chemical compounds that indirectly enhance the functional activity of TFIIA by modulating diverse cellular pathways, ultimately influencing the transcription initiation process. Forskolin, caffeine, and rolipram function by increasing intracellular cAMP levels, thereby activating protein kinase A (PKA). PKA can phosphorylate various substrates within the transcription machinery, potentially facilitating the assembly of TFIIA with the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and DNA, thus promoting transcription initiation. Similarly, PMA activates protein kinase C (PKC), which phosphorylates components of the transcriptional apparatus, possibly creating favorable conditions for TFIIA activity and its role in forming the pre-initiation complex. Ionomycin and A23187, as calcium ionophores, elevate intracellular calcium concentrations, activating calcium-dependent kinases that may target proteins involved in transcription, thereby favoring TFIIA's role in initiating gene expression.
The remaining TFIIA activators, through various mechanisms, continue to shape the transcriptional landscape to the advantage of TFIIA function. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and curcumin act by inhibiting specific kinases and signaling pathways, thereby potentially reducing competitive or inhibitory signaling that could otherwise dampen TFIIA activity. LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, can diminish AKT phosphorylation, which in turn may relieve repression on TFIIA, allowing for enhanced transcriptional activity. Polyamines like spermine alter the DNA architecture, which can improve TFIIA's access to transcriptional sites, while sodium butyrate's histone deacetylase inhibition results in a more open chromatin state, facilitating TFIIA-DNA interactions. Lastly, resveratrol's activation of SIRT1 may lead to the deacetylation of transcriptional coactivators, thereby potentially establishing an environment where TFIIA can more effectively participate in the transcription initiation complex.
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| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $76.00 $150.00 $725.00 $1385.00 $2050.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin directly stimulates adenylate cyclase, increasing intracellular cAMP levels. Elevated cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA), which may enhance the phosphorylation state of proteins involved in the transcription machinery, indirectly augmenting TFIIA activity by promoting its assembly with TBP (TATA-binding protein) and DNA. | ||||||
PMA | 16561-29-8 | sc-3576 sc-3576A sc-3576B sc-3576C sc-3576D | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 100 mg | $40.00 $129.00 $210.00 $490.00 $929.00 | 119 | |
PMA is a potent activator of protein kinase C (PKC). Activation of PKC leads to phosphorylation of transcription factors and coactivators, potentially creating a more favorable environment for TFIIA binding and function in the assembly of the transcription pre-initiation complex. | ||||||
Ionomycin | 56092-82-1 | sc-3592 sc-3592A | 1 mg 5 mg | $76.00 $265.00 | 80 | |
Ionomycin is a calcium ionophore that elevates intracellular calcium levels, activating calcium-dependent protein kinases. These kinases could phosphorylate components of the transcription machinery, enhancing TFIIA functional activity in the transcription initiation complex. | ||||||
(−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate | 989-51-5 | sc-200802 sc-200802A sc-200802B sc-200802C sc-200802D sc-200802E | 10 mg 50 mg 100 mg 500 mg 1 g 10 g | $42.00 $72.00 $124.00 $238.00 $520.00 $1234.00 | 11 | |
EGCG is known to inhibit several kinases. By inhibiting competing kinases, EGCG may shift the balance of phosphorylation towards pathways that promote the activity of transcription factors like TFIIA, facilitating its role in transcription initiation. | ||||||
LY 294002 | 154447-36-6 | sc-201426 sc-201426A | 5 mg 25 mg | $121.00 $392.00 | 148 | |
LY294002 is a PI3K inhibitor that alters downstream signaling pathways such as AKT. Inhibition of AKT can reduce phosphorylation of inhibitory proteins that may compete with or repress TFIIA function, thus indirectly increasing TFIIA activity. | ||||||
Spermine | 71-44-3 | sc-212953A sc-212953 sc-212953B sc-212953C | 1 g 5 g 25 g 100 g | $60.00 $192.00 $272.00 $883.00 | 1 | |
Spermine, a polyamine, is known to interact with DNA and modulate chromatin structure. By altering chromatin architecture, spermine can enhance the access of transcriptional activators like TFIIA to the DNA, thus indirectly increasing its activity. | ||||||
Caffeine | 58-08-2 | sc-202514 sc-202514A sc-202514B sc-202514C sc-202514D | 5 g 100 g 250 g 1 kg 5 kg | $32.00 $66.00 $95.00 $188.00 $760.00 | 13 | |
Caffeine inhibits phosphodiesterases, leading to an increase in cAMP levels, similar to forskolin. This can activate PKA, which may enhance TFIIA activity by phosphorylation of associated transcriptional machinery proteins. | ||||||
Curcumin | 458-37-7 | sc-200509 sc-200509A sc-200509B sc-200509C sc-200509D sc-200509F sc-200509E | 1 g 5 g 25 g 100 g 250 g 1 kg 2.5 kg | $36.00 $68.00 $107.00 $214.00 $234.00 $862.00 $1968.00 | 47 | |
Curcumin has been shown to modulate multiple signaling pathways, including the inhibition of NF-kB. By inhibiting competing pathways, curcumin could indirectly support the activation of TFIIA by reducing inhibitory signals. | ||||||
Sodium Butyrate | 156-54-7 | sc-202341 sc-202341B sc-202341A sc-202341C | 250 mg 5 g 25 g 500 g | $30.00 $46.00 $82.00 $218.00 | 19 | |
Sodium butyrate acts as a histone deacetylase inhibitor, leading to a more relaxed chromatin structure. This can enhance the binding of transcription factors like TFIIA to DNA, indirectly increasing its activity. | ||||||
A23187 | 52665-69-7 | sc-3591 sc-3591B sc-3591A sc-3591C | 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg | $54.00 $128.00 $199.00 $311.00 | 23 | |
A23187 acts as a calcium ionophore, similar to ionomycin, increasing intracellular calcium and potentially enhancing the activity of calcium-dependent kinases that may phosphorylate proteins to favor TFIIA activity. | ||||||