SON Activators

SON Activators are a class of chemicals that enhance the functional activity of SON via distinct pathways. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) activates PKC, leading to the phosphorylation of SON and enhancing its activity. Forskolin, IBMX, Epinephrine, Prostaglandin E2, Isoproterenol, Dibutyryl-cAMP, and Rolipram all work by activating adenylyl cyclase, leading to an increase in cAMP levels. The elevated cAMP activates PKA, which can phosphorylate and activate SON.

Okadaic Acid and Calyculin A inhibit protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A, maintaining the phosphorylation state of SON, thus enhancing its activity. Staurosporine, although a broad-spectrum protein kinase inhibitor, at low concentrations preferentially inhibits protein phosphatases, enhancing the phosphorylation and activity of SON. H-89 at higher concentrations inhibits other kinases, leading to a net increase in the phosphorylation and activity of SON.