PE Activators
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), a vital phospholipid constituent of cellular membranes, plays a central role in maintaining membrane structure, fluidity, and function in living organisms. PE is abundant in various cellular membranes, including the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria, where it contributes to membrane integrity and organization. Beyond its structural role, PE serves as a key regulator of membrane-associated processes, including membrane fusion, vesicular trafficking, and protein sorting. Moreover, PE is involved in lipid metabolism, serving as a precursor for the synthesis of other phospholipids and lipid mediators, thereby influencing cellular lipid composition and signaling.
Activation of PE is orchestrated by intricate regulatory mechanisms that govern its biosynthesis and cellular distribution. One primary mechanism of PE activation involves the enzymatic pathways responsible for PE synthesis, such as the Kennedy pathway and the phosphatidylserine decarboxylation pathway. These pathways involve sequential enzymatic reactions catalyzed by enzymes such as CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase (Pcyt2) and phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (Psd), leading to the production of PE from precursor molecules. Additionally, cellular signaling pathways and environmental cues can modulate PE levels by regulating the expression or activity of enzymes involved in PE biosynthesis. For example, growth factor signaling pathways and nutrient availability can influence PE synthesis by modulating the expression or activity of key enzymes in the Kennedy pathway. Furthermore, post-translational modifications or protein-protein interactions may regulate the activity of enzymes involved in PE biosynthesis, fine-tuning cellular PE levels in response to changing physiological conditions. Overall, understanding the mechanisms of PE activation provides valuable insights into its essential roles in cellular physiology and membrane dynamics.
Items 1 to 10 of 13 total
Display:
| Product Name | CAS # | Catalog # | QUANTITY | Price | Citations | RATING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | sc-3562 sc-3562A sc-3562B sc-3562C sc-3562D | 5 mg 50 mg 1 g 2 g 5 g | $76.00 $150.00 $725.00 $1385.00 $2050.00 | 73 | |
Forskolin activates adenylyl cyclase, leading to increased levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Elevated cAMP levels stimulate protein kinase A (PKA), which phosphorylates and activates phospholipase D (PLD), promoting phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) synthesis. | ||||||
Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate | 60-92-4 | sc-217584 sc-217584A sc-217584B sc-217584C sc-217584D sc-217584E | 100 mg 250 mg 5 g 10 g 25 g 50 g | $114.00 $175.00 $260.00 $362.00 $617.00 $1127.00 | ||
cAMP, a secondary messenger, could modulate PEP expression as part of signal transduction pathways. | ||||||
Choline base solution | 123-41-1 | sc-239545 | 100 ml | $79.00 | ||
Choline serves as a precursor for phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis. Increased availability of choline enhances the Kennedy pathway, which diverts phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) precursors towards PE biosynthesis, thereby activating PE production. | ||||||
Ethanolamine | 141-43-5 | sc-203042 sc-203042A sc-203042B | 25 ml 500 ml 2.5 L | $21.00 $55.00 $200.00 | 1 | |
Ethanolamine is a direct precursor for phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) synthesis through the Kennedy pathway. Increased levels of ethanolamine enhance PE biosynthesis, leading to the activation of PE production and cellular functions dependent on PE-containing membranes. | ||||||
Insulin | 11061-68-0 | sc-29062 sc-29062A sc-29062B | 100 mg 1 g 10 g | $153.00 $1224.00 $12239.00 | 82 | |
Insulin activates the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, which stimulates lipid synthesis and metabolism. Activation of this pathway enhances phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis, leading to increased PE levels and activation of cellular processes dependent on PE-containing membranes. | ||||||
(−)-Epinephrine | 51-43-4 | sc-205674 sc-205674A sc-205674B sc-205674C sc-205674D | 1 g 5 g 10 g 100 g 1 kg | $40.00 $102.00 $197.00 $1739.00 $16325.00 | ||
As a stress-related hormone, epinephrine might affect PEP expression during stress responses. | ||||||
myo-Inositol | 87-89-8 | sc-202714 sc-202714A sc-202714B sc-202714C | 100 g 250 g 1 kg 5 kg | $78.00 $148.00 $270.00 $821.00 | ||
Inositol can activate the Kennedy pathway, which regulates phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis. By enhancing the availability of phosphatidylethanolamine precursors, such as cytidine diphosphate (CDP)-ethanolamine, inositol indirectly activates PE production in the cell. | ||||||
L-Serine | 56-45-1 | sc-397670 sc-397670A sc-397670B sc-397670C sc-397670D | 1 g 100 g 1 kg 5 kg 10 kg | $20.00 $130.00 $535.00 $1200.00 $2000.00 | ||
Serine is a precursor for phosphatidylserine (PS) synthesis, which can be decarboxylated to form phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Increased serine availability can enhance PE synthesis via the serine decarboxylation pathway, thereby activating PE production in the cell. | ||||||
Hydrogen Peroxide | 7722-84-1 | sc-203336 sc-203336A sc-203336B | 100 ml 500 ml 3.8 L | $30.00 $60.00 $93.00 | 27 | |
As a reactive oxygen species, it might induce PEP expression as part of an oxidative stress response. | ||||||
Retinoic Acid, all trans | 302-79-4 | sc-200898 sc-200898A sc-200898B sc-200898C | 500 mg 5 g 10 g 100 g | $65.00 $319.00 $575.00 $998.00 | 28 | |
Retinoic acid acts as a ligand for retinoic acid receptors (RARs), which can influence gene expression, including genes involved in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis. Activation of RARs leads to increased expression of PE biosynthetic enzymes, thereby activating PE production in the cell. | ||||||